Changes in the Intracellular Concentration of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA in Relation to the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of Escherichia coli K12

Takamura, Yoshichika; Nomura, Goro

doi:10.1099/00221287-134-8-2249

Cited by 108 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The synthetic lethality we have observed between fabH and spoT could be the result of this regulatory function. How nutrient availability is coupled to FA biosynthesis also is unknown, although it is clear that the rate of FA biosynthesis increases with nutrient availability (56)(57)(58). The mechanism for this control has been attributed to the effect that nutrients have on growth rate, and it is thought that growth rate itself regulates FA biosynthesis (58,63).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cell size in response to nutrient availability by fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Yao

Davis

Kishony³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

158

191

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Cell size varies greatly among different types of cells, but the range in size that a specific cell type can reach is limited. A longstanding question in biology is how cells control their size. Escherichia coli adjusts size and growth rate according to the availability of nutrients so that it grows larger and faster in nutrient-rich media than in nutrient-poor media. Here, we describe how, using classical genetics, we have isolated a remarkably small E. coli mutant that has undergone a 70% reduction in cell volume with respect to wild type. This mutant lacks FabH, an enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis that previously was thought to be essential for the viability of E. coli. We demonstrate that although FabH is not essential in wild-type E. coli, it is essential in cells that are defective in the production of the small-molecule and global regulator ppGpp. Furthermore, we have found that the loss of FabH causes a reduction in the rate of envelope growth and renders cells unable to regulate cell size properly in response to nutrient excess. Therefore we propose a model in which fatty acid biosynthesis plays a central role in regulating the size of E. coli cells in response to nutrient availability.acteria regulate their size and growth rate in response to nutrient availability. For example, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis cells grow larger and faster in nutrient-rich medium than in nutrient-poor medium (1-6). Changes in temperature can alter growth rate but not size (2). Therefore, the size a cell attains depends on the nutritional composition of the growth medium, suggesting that nutrients affect a rate-limiting step(s) that controls size and the rate of growth.Bacteria must coordinate cell size, growth rate, and division in response to nutrient availability. Indeed, when E. coli changes its size, it also changes its generation time inversely; however, it maintains the cell mass-to-DNA ratio constant because it initiates DNA replication whenever it reaches a particular cell mass or a multiple of that mass (6). Interestingly, recent studies have shown that B. subtilis and E. coli use different regulatory mechanisms to couple cell size and DNA replication (4, 7). In E. coli DNA replication is not initiated until the cell reaches an appropriate size, but size does not affect the timing of replication in B. subtilis. Nevertheless, the amount of active DnaA, which unwinds DNA at the origin and thereby triggers replication (8, 9), is relevant in controlling the initiation of replication in both bacteria (7). Furthermore, a metabolic pathway for glucolipid biosynthesis regulates cell size in B. subtilis in response to nutrients under conditions that promote rapid growth (4). In this pathway, the UDP-glucose transferase UgtP inhibits the assembly of the divisome, the division machinery. The levels and localization of UgtP vary with nutrient availability so that assembly of the divisome is delayed under nutrient-rich conditions, resulting in longer cells.We do not understand how nu...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cell size in response to nutrient availability by fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Yao

Davis

Kishony³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

158

191

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“…2 and Fig. 4B), in E. coli cells is only 4ϳ90 m M (0.01ϳ 0.23 nmol/mg dry weight) [31]. The medium and fermentation conditions for the recombinant E. coli cells to produce flavonoids in high yield were determined [6].…”

Section: -1 Production Of (2s)-flavanonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Non-bacterial and Unnatural Flavonoids, Stilbenoids and Curcuminoids by Microorganisms

Horinouchi

2008

J Antibiot

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One of the approaches of combinatorial biosynthesis is combining genes from different organisms and designing a new set of gene clusters to produce bioactive compounds, leading to diversification of both chemical and natural product libraries. This makes efficient use of the potential of the host organisms, especially when microorganisms are used. An Escherichia coli system, in which artificial biosynthetic pathways for production of plant-specific medicinal polyketides, such as flavonoids, stilbenoids, isoflavonoids, and curcuminoids, are assembled, has been designed and expressed. Starting with amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine as substrates, this system yields naringenin, resveratrol, genistein, and curcumin, for example, all of which are beneficial to human health because of their wide variety of biological activities. Supplementation of unnatural carboxylic acids to the recombinant E. coli cells carrying the artificial pathways by precursor-directed biosynthesis results in production of unnatural compounds. Addition of decorating or modification enzymes to the artificial pathway leads to production of natural and unnatural flavonols, flavones, and methylated resveratrols. This microbial system is promising for construction of larger libraries by employing other polyketide synthases and decorating enzymes of various origins. In addition, the concept of building and expressing artificial biosynthetic pathways for production of non-bacterial and unnatural compounds in microorganisms should be successfully applied to production of not only plant-specific polyketides but also many other useful compound classes.

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“…2B). Indeed, as the growth rate in M9 medium is much lower than in LB medium, CoA levels in M9 medium would approach maximal levels possibly because intracellular CoA content is known to peak at the middle of the logarithmic growth phase (Takamura and Nomura, 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prokaryotic type III pantothenate kinase enhances coenzyme A biosynthesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Ogata

Chohnan

2015

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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Changes in the Intracellular Concentration of Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA in Relation to the Carbon and Energy Metabolism of Escherichia coli K12

Cited by 108 publications

References 16 publications

Regulation of cell size in response to nutrient availability by fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Regulation of cell size in response to nutrient availability by fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Combinatorial Biosynthesis of Non-bacterial and Unnatural Flavonoids, Stilbenoids and Curcuminoids by Microorganisms

Prokaryotic type III pantothenate kinase enhances coenzyme A biosynthesis in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

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