Changes in the Levels of Cytokines in Both Diabetic/Non-Diabetic Type I Children Living in a Moderate Altitude Area in Saudi Arabia

Allam, Gamal; Alsulaimani, Adnan Amin; Alghamdi, Hamed A.; Alswat, Hameed; Edrees, Burhan; Ahmad, Iftikhar

doi:10.1089/ham.2014.1001

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…43 Previously, we published similar results showing that T1D patients had significantly higher levels of serum cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 than age and gender matched healthy controls. 12,20 A recent study by our group suggests that hyperglycaemia in patients with T1D upregulates inflammatory pathways and increases the expiration of inflammatory/and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 family, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα. 44 In general, higher production of some cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-18, can activate phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophage) and also trigger the inflammatory processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

Al-Dubayee,

Babiker,

Alkewaibeen

et al. 2023

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytokines in children with T1D living in Saudi Arabia and their correlation with disease duration and autoimmune antibody markers. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the endocrine clinic of King Abdullah Specialized Children’s Hospital in Riyadh. A total of 274 T1D and healthy control children were enrolled in the study. 5 mL of venous blood samples were collected in the morning after 9 to 12 h of fasting in BD Vacutainer® EDTA tubes and centrifuged at 250 g for 15 min at. Plasma was then stored at −20°C for detection of anti-islet, anti-GAD antibodies (Abs), and C-peptide using commercial ELISA kits from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The levels of cytokines were measured using commercial sandwich ELISA kits from Abcam. Results: Median differences in cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IL-21, IL-35, and IL-37) were significantly higher in T1D patients compared with healthy controls ( p-value < .001). Spearman’s Rho correlation indicated that TNFα, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-21 correlated significantly with T1D Abs ( p-value = .01). HbA1C correlated negatively with IL-35 and IL-37, and positively with IL-18 ( p-value = .01). Linear regression analysis showed a significant increase in anti-glutamic acid antibodies (GAD) in patients with >3 years of T1D duration. Conclusion: Autoantibodies remained positive at high levels in our patients over a 3-year duration of the disease and correlated with specific cytokines. The clear correlations with disease duration and profile of specific cytokines could be targets for future therapeutic interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma was transferred to cryotubes and stored at À20°C until used for detection of cytokines and T1D autoimmune markers. 12,20 The white blood cell layer on the top of the red blood cells was collected in sterile cryotubes and frozen at À80°C for DNA extraction for further investigations.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

Al-Dubayee,

Babiker,

Alkewaibeen

et al. 2023

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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“…Similarly to the present findings, Allam et al . found that HbA 1c was higher in children with Type 1 diabetes living at moderate altitude compared with those living at sea level . An inverse correlation between fasting plasma glucose and altitude has also been reported .…”

Section: Clinical Characteristics Across Red Blood Cell Count Tertilesmentioning

confidence: 86%

A comparison of HbA_1c concentration in people with Type 2 diabetes at sea level and high altitude in China: an observational study

et al. 2017

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“…IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 cytokines have been proposed to activate the humoral immune response by stimulating B cells to release autoantibodies against islet cells and GAD molecules. Serum levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 were significantly higher in patients with T1D compared to healthy individuals [ 41 , 49 , 53 ]. These findings suggest that hyperglycemia may upregulate inflammatory pathways and increase pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in patients with T1D [ 54 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Metabolic Memory on Immune Profile in Young Patients with Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes

Neubauer-Geryk,

Wielicka,

Myśliwiec

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Metabolic memory refers to the long-term effects of achieving early glycemic control and the adverse implications of high blood glucose levels, including the development and progression of diabetes complications. Our study aimed to investigate whether the phenomenon of metabolic memory plays a role in the immune profile of young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (T1D). The study group included 67 patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes with a mean age of 15.1 ± 2.3 years and a minimum disease duration of 1.2 years. The control group consisted of 27 healthy children and adolescents with a mean age of 15.1 ± 2.3 years. Patients were divided into three groups according to their HbA1c levels at the onset of T1D, and the average HbA1c levels after one and two years of disease duration. The subgroup A1 had the lowest initial HbA1c values, while the subgroup C had the highest initial HbA1c values. Cytokine levels (including TNF-α, IL-35, IL-4, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-12) were measured in all study participants. Our data analysis showed that subgroup A1 was characterized by significantly higher levels of IL-35 and IL-10 compared to all other groups, and significantly higher levels of IL-4 compared to group B. Additionally, a comparative analysis of cytokine levels between the groups of diabetic patients and healthy controls demonstrated that subgroup A1 had significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The lipid profile was also significantly better in subgroup A1 compared to all other patient groups. Based on our findings, it appears that an inflammatory process, characterized by an imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, is associated with poor glycemic control at the onset of diabetes and during the first year of disease duration. These findings also suggest that both metabolic memory and inflammation contribute to the abnormal lipid profile in patients with type 1 diabetes.

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Changes in the Levels of Cytokines in Both Diabetic/Non-Diabetic Type I Children Living in a Moderate Altitude Area in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 9 publications

References 68 publications

Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

A comparison of HbA_1c concentration in people with Type 2 diabetes at sea level and high altitude in China: an observational study

The Impact of Metabolic Memory on Immune Profile in Young Patients with Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes

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Changes in the Levels of Cytokines in Both Diabetic/Non-Diabetic Type I Children Living in a Moderate Altitude Area in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 9 publications

References 68 publications

Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

Correlation analysis between cytokines’ profile, autoimmune antibodies and the duration of type 1 diabetes: A case control study in a specialized children’s centre in Riyadh

A comparison of HbA1c concentration in people with Type 2 diabetes at sea level and high altitude in China: an observational study

The Impact of Metabolic Memory on Immune Profile in Young Patients with Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes

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A comparison of HbA_1c concentration in people with Type 2 diabetes at sea level and high altitude in China: an observational study