“…While the etiology and classification of back pain is multifactorial and heterogeneous, there has been research that suggests that it is linked to poor low back muscle endurance (Alaranta, Luoto, Heliovaara, & Hurri, 1995;Biering-Sørensen, 1984;Hultman, Nordin, Saraste, & Ohlsen, 1993;McGill et al, 2003). Modulators of low back muscle endurance include age (Dejanovic, Harvey, & McGill, 2012;Johnson, Mbada, Akosile, & Agbeja, 2009), sex (Mannion & Dolan, 1994;McGill, Childs, & Liebenson, 1999), population, and pathology (Biering-Sørensen, 1984;Sjolie & Ljunggren, 2001). Within individuals, low back muscle endurance can be influenced by biceps femoris involvement (Moffroid, 1997), coactivity of the hip extensors (Kankaanpaa, Taimela, Laaksonen, Hanninen, & Airaksinen, 1998), and postural variance (Dejanovic, Cambridge, & McGill, 2014).…”