Changes in volatile compounds of human urine as it ages: Their interaction with water

Kwak, Jae; Grigsby, Claude C.; Smith, Brittany R.; Rizki, Mateen M.; Preti, George

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.040

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Recently, several researches have been published regarding the investigation of specific Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in urine, in order to determine their origin and/or the reasons for their presence, giving that different devices have been developed for the purpose of VOCs detection and identification (e.g., Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [3,8,9]). The development of these techniques of course applies not only to urine analysis but also to other fields, such as, for example, food analysis, cosmetics or biomedicine.…”

Section: Electronic Noses For Urine Sample Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urine is a very complex organic fluid from the chemical point of view, due to its high number of constituents [3,4,5], and to its extremely variable composition; it is proved that urine composition can vary depending on a multitude of factors, including gender, age, hormonal status, food habits, physical activity, and presence of specific pathologies [6,7,8,9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review

Capelli

Taverna

Bellini

et al. 2016

Sensors

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The electronic nose is able to provide useful information through the analysis of the volatile organic compounds in body fluids, such as exhaled breath, urine and blood. This paper focuses on the review of electronic nose studies and applications in the specific field of medical diagnostics based on the analysis of the gaseous headspace of human urine, in order to provide a broad overview of the state of the art and thus enhance future developments in this field. The research in this field is rather recent and still in progress, and there are several aspects that need to be investigated more into depth, not only to develop and improve specific electronic noses for different diseases, but also with the aim to discover and analyse the connections between specific diseases and the body fluids odour. Further research is needed to improve the results obtained up to now; the development of new sensors and data processing methods should lead to greater diagnostic accuracy thus making the electronic nose an effective tool for early detection of different kinds of diseases, ranging from infections to tumours or exposure to toxic agents.

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Section: Electronic Noses For Urine Sample Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review

Capelli

Taverna

Bellini

et al. 2016

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of mice to urine samples from conspecific males and females, which had aged for different time periods, revealed that the quality and intensity of signaling molecules in urine changed over time (Kwak et al, 2013a ). In another study, volatile organic compounds in fresh and aged human urine samples were analyzed and compared (Kwak et al, 2013b ).…”

Section: Composition and Aging Of Olfactory Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are single odorous components of a predator sufficient to elicit defensive behaviors in prey species?

et al. 2015

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When exposed to the odor of a sympatric predator, prey animals typically display escape or defensive responses. These phenomena have been well-documented, especially in rodents, when exposed to the odor of a cat, ferret, or fox. As a result of these experiments new discussions center on the following questions: (1) is a single volatile compound such as a major or a minor mixture constituent in urine or feces, emitted by the predator sufficient to cause defensive reactions in a potential prey species or (2) is a whole array of odors required to elicit a response and (3) will the relative size or escapability of the prey as compared to the predator influence responsiveness. Most predator-prey studies on this topic have been performed in the laboratory or under semi-natural conditions. Field studies could help to find answers to these questions. Australian mammals are completely naïve toward the introduced placental carnivores. That offers ideal opportunities to analyze in the field the responses of potential prey species to unknown predator odors. During the last decades researchers have accumulated an enormous amount of data exploring the effects of eutherian predator odors on native marsupial mammals. In this review, we will give a survey about the development of olfactory research, chemical signals and their influence on the behavior and—in some cases—physiology of prey species. In addition, we report on the effects of predator odor experiments performed under natural conditions in Australia. When studying all these literature we learned that data gained under controlled laboratory conditions elucidate the role of individual odors on brain structures and ultimately on a comparatively narrow range behaviors. In contrast to single odors odor arrays mimic much more the situation prey animals are confronted to in nature. Therefore, a broad range of methodology—from chemistry to ecology including anatomy, physiology, and behavior—is needed to understand all the different (relevant) stimuli that govern and guide the interactions between a predator and its potential prey.

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“…Other groups have also undertaken headspace analysis of urine samples to investigate the natural variation by GCMS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and SIFT-MS (selective ion flow tube—mass spectrometry), but did not consider stability of their samples [ 15 , 16 ]. There have been a small number of studies using GCMS investigating sample age over 24 h in humans and in mice [ 17 , 18 ]. Yet, these studies do not consider long-term storage and, more importantly for our studies, do not employ an electronic nose in their work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose

et al. 2016

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The medical profession is becoming ever more interested in the use of gas-phase biomarkers for disease identification and monitoring. This is due in part to its rapid analysis time and low test cost, which makes it attractive for many different clinical arenas. One technology that is showing promise for analyzing these gas-phase biomarkers is the electronic nose—an instrument designed to replicate the biological olfactory system. Of the possible biological media available to “sniff”, urine is becoming ever more important as it is easy to collect and to store for batch testing. However, this raises the question of sample storage shelf-life, even at −80 °C. Here we investigated the effect of storage time (years) on stability and reproducibility of total gas/vapour emissions from urine samples. Urine samples from 87 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were collected over a four-year period and stored at −80 °C. These samples were then analyzed using FAIMS (field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry—a type of electronic nose). It was discovered that gas emissions (concentration and diversity) reduced over time. However, there was less variation in the initial nine months of storage with greater uniformity and stability of concentrations together with tighter clustering of the total number of chemicals released. This suggests that nine months could be considered a general guide to a sample shelf-life.

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Changes in volatile compounds of human urine as it ages: Their interaction with water

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review

Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review

Are single odorous components of a predator sufficient to elicit defensive behaviors in prey species?

Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose

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