Changing Trends in the Management of Epistaxis

Abstract

Epistaxis is a very common complaint seen by many types of physicians including otolaryngologists, family physicians, and others. Management of epistaxis is often challenging and requires many types of intervention. The following review describes the different types of past and current treatment modalities including cautery, nasal packing, maxillary artery ligation, anterior artery ligation, and sphenopalatine artery ligation. The paper also proposes an algorithm for managing such cases.

A Cross-Sectional Study of Epistaxis: Etiologic and Clinical Characteristics

“…Epistaxis is one of the most common symptoms faced in the daily practice of otorhinolaryngology emergencies. Although the majority of epistaxis cases are self-limited, some of them require medical and/or surgical interventions [3]. The demographic and etiologic characteristics of the patients who were admitted to our clinic for epistaxis within a one-year period as well as the therapeutic approaches are presented in this report.…”

“…Introduction Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is one of the most common symptoms faced in ear, nose, and throat emergencies and affects about 10-15% of the population. The lifetime prevalence among the general population is about 60%, and 10% of these cases may require medical and/or surgical interventions [1][2][3]. Although it is more common over the age of 50 and under 10 years of age, epistaxis can be seen in all age groups [4,5].…”

“…The treatment modalities in epistaxis cover a wide spectrum, including follow-up without any intervention, topical drug application, artery ligation, and embolization. The main goal in the treatment of patients is to stop the bleeding as soon as possible and to stabilize the patient's status [3,8]. The aim of this study is to evaluate the etiologic, clinical, and demographic characteristics of patients with epistaxis and to discuss treatment modalities.…”

Effect of Intranasal Vasoconstrictors on Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

“…Based on previously reported population data, we anticipated a mean (SD) MAP of 80 (10) mm Hg in our study sample (23). A difference of 8 mm Hg was believed to be clinically significant.…”

“…Application of these agents facilitates examination by reducing blood flow to the nasal mucosa, and in many cases, bleeding resolves with these conservative measures alone (10). Frequently recommended medications for this indication include cocaine, phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and lidocaine with epinephrine (7-9, 11).…”