“…Journal of Disability Research 2024classification, and video analysis, where spatial and temporal patterns in input data are crucial(Wongpatikaseree et al, 2021;Yin et al, 2021;Bidollahkhani et al, 2023). With LNN parallel processing, distributed representations, and temporal dynamics, researchers can develop efficient and effective image processing solutions with reduced computation time and better performance compared to traditional architectures.…”