Chapter 12 The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress

Sawchenko, Paul E.; Brown, Euan R.; Chan, R.K.W.; Ericsson, Anders; Li, H.-Y.; Roland, Barbara; Kovács, Krisztina

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61866-x

Cited by 298 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Representative photographs of PaMP and RPa injection sites are shown in Figure 1. Individual patterns of retrograde labeling obtained from both regions were consistent with those reported previously for the PaMP (Sawchenko and Swanson, 1983;Sawchenko, 1991;Cullinan et al, 1996;Sawchenko et al, 1996;Herman and Cullinan, 1997;Campeau and Watson, 2000;Herman et al, 2003;Radley and Sawchenko, 2011) and RPa (Hosoya et al, 1987;Hermann et al, 1997;Cao et al, 2004;Samuels et al, 2004;Sarkar et al, 2007), and will therefore not be described in detail. Instead, focus was given to regions that consistently provided innervation to both target areas.…”

Section: Anatomical Tracers Studiessupporting

confidence: 84%

“…These are commonly used indices of increased neural activity following stressor exposure (Sawchenko et al, 1996;Kovács, 1998;Hoffman and Lyo, 2002). Importantly, under the current experimental and immunohistochemical detection conditions, Fos protein expression is virtually undetectable in nonstressed, control rat brains (data not shown).…”

Section: Retrograde Labeling (Fg or Ctb) And Fos Colocalizationmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Evidence for the Integration of Stress-Related Signals by the Rostral Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus in the Regulation of Acute and Repeated Stress-Evoked Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Response in Rat

et al. 2016

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A likely adaptive process mitigating the effects of chronic stress is the phenomenon of stress habituation, which frequently reduces multiple stress-evoked responses to the same (homotypic) stressor experienced repeatedly. The current studies investigated putative brain circuits that may coordinate the reduction of stress-related responses associated with stress habituation, a process that is inadequately understood. Initially, two rat premotor regions that respectively regulate neuroendocrine (medial parvicellular region of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus [PaMP]) and autonomic (rostral medullary raphe pallidus [RPa]) responses were targeted with distinguishable retrograde tracers. Two to 3 weeks later, injected animals underwent loud noise stress, and their brains were processed for fluorescent immunohistochemical detection of the tracers and the immediate early gene Fos. A rostral region of the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (rPH), and to a lesser extent, the median preoptic nucleus, exhibited the highest numbers of retrogradely labeled cells from both the RPa and PaMP that were colocalized with loud noise-induced Fos expression. Injections of an anterograde tracer in the rPH confirmed these connections and suggested that this region may contribute to the coordination of multiple stress-related responses. This hypothesis was partially tested by posterior hypothalamic injections of small volumes of muscimol, which disrupts normal synaptic functions, before acute and repeated loud noise or restraint exposures. In addition to significantly reduced corticosterone release in response to these two distinct stressors, rPH muscimol disrupted habituation to each stressor modality, suggesting a novel and important contribution of the rostral posterior hypothalamic nucleus in this category of adaptive processes.

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Section: Anatomical Tracers Studiessupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Retrograde Labeling (Fg or Ctb) And Fos Colocalizationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Evidence for the Integration of Stress-Related Signals by the Rostral Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus in the Regulation of Acute and Repeated Stress-Evoked Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Response in Rat

et al. 2016

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“…In addition, a further question is whether the suppression of the DMH-evoked sympathoexcitatory response is specific to that particular nucleus or alternatively is a general effect on sympathoexcitatory responses evoked by activation of other hypothalamic nuclei, such as the paraventricular nucleus, which also play a role in mediating stress-induced responses. 41 Future studies will also be needed to determine the precise sites and cellular mechanisms of action of 5-HT 1A receptor agonists in modulating stress-induced physiological responses. …”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A Receptors Suppresses the Cardiovascular Response Evoked From the Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

2005

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Abstract-The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a key component of the central pathways subserving the cardiovascular response to psychological stress, which is believed to be an important risk factor for hypertension. Previous studies indicate that 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors can modulate the cardiovascular responses associated with stress. In this study, we determined in anesthetized rats the effects of systemic or intracisternal administration of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-npropylamino)tetralin, a selective agonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors, and then subsequent administration of the selective antagonist WAY-100635 on the cardiovascular response evoked by activation of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (by microinjection of bicuculline). The increase in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) evoked by bicuculline injection into the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus was greatly reduced (by 80% to 90%) by administration of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin and then completely restored by subsequent administration of WAY-100635, whether administered systemically or intracisternally. In contrast, systemic administration of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin had no significant effect on the baseline level or reflex changes in RSNA evoked by chemoreceptor or baroreceptor stimulation and resulted in only a modest reduction ( Key Words: Ⅲ hypothalamus Ⅲ stress Ⅲ baroreflex Ⅲ chemoreceptors P sychological stress is believed to be an important risk factor for hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. 1 Studies in conscious and anesthetized rats have demonstrated that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) plays a critical role in mediating the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral response to psychological stress, such as air jet stress. 2 Activation of neurons in the DMH evokes anxiety-like behavior associated with a wide range of autonomic and hormonal responses, including increases in heart rate (HR; mediated via an increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity 3,4 ), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), gastrointestinal motility, and in the secretion of adrenomedullary hormones and adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin [ACTH]). 2-8 Conversely, bilateral microinjections into the DMH of muscimol (a ␥-aminobutyric acid type A [GABA A ] receptor agonist) or of kynunerate (an antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors) greatly reduces the increases in arterial pressure, HR, ACTH secretion, and anxiety-like behavior normally evoked by air jet stress. 8 -10 It has been shown recently that the DMH also plays an important role in generating thermoregulatory responses.Activation of neurons in the DMH evokes an increase in the activity of sympathetic nerves innervating brown adipose tissue (BAT), accompanied by increases in BAT temperature and end-tidal CO 2 , 3 as well as cutaneous vasoconstriction. 11 These thermoregulatory effects may also be part of a stress response because an increase in body temperature can be induced by stress (so-cal...

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“…110 In the rat, the PVH is composed of parvicellular and magnocellular divisions, and the former is further divided into several subdivisions ( Figure 5). [111][112][113] These divisions and subdivisions can be readily and cytoarchitectonically distinguished by Nissl staining. In the rat, neurons innervating parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral parvicellular subdivisions, while hypophysiotropic neurons are characteristically distributed in the medial parvicellular subdivision.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the rat, neurons innervating parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the dorsal, ventral, and lateral parvicellular subdivisions, while hypophysiotropic neurons are characteristically distributed in the medial parvicellular subdivision. [111][112][113] Relevant to current discussions, these subdivisions display overlapping distributions of MC4-R mRNA and axon terminals containing a-MSH or AgRP. First, a population of MC4-R-positive PVH neurons may relay inputs from leptin-responsive a-MSH neurons in the Arc to autonomic preganglionic neurons, supporting the implication of melanocortins and MC4-Rs in autonomic regulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight is regulated by the brain: a link between feeding and emotion

2005

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Regulated energy homeostasis is fundamental for maintaining life. Unfortunately, this critical process is affected in a high number of mentally ill patients. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are prevalent in modern societies. Impaired appetite and weight loss are common in patients with depression. In addition, the use of neuroleptics frequently produces obesity and diabetes mellitus. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of these behavioral and metabolic conditions are largely unknown. In this review, we first concentrate on the established brain machinery of food intake and body weight, especially on the melanocortin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) systems as illustration. These systems play a critical role in receiving and processing critical peripheral metabolic cues such as leptin and ghrelin. It is also notable that both systems modulate emotion and motivated behavior as well. Secondly, we discuss the significance and potential promise of multidisciplinary molecular and neuroanatomic techniques that will likely increase the understanding of brain circuitries coordinating energy homeostasis and emotion. Finally, we introduce several lines of evidence suggesting a link between the melanocortin/NPY systems and several neurotransmitter systems on which many of the psychotropic agents exert their influence. Maintaining energy homeostasis is fundamental for survival. However, obesity due to over-nutrition is an increasing worldwide public health problem. 1 In psychiatric practice, on the other hand, impaired appetite is one of the crucial issues. Anorexia and weight loss are common, for example, in patients suffering from depression. Eating disorders are medically intractable and life threatening. In addition, the so-called 'atypical' antipsychotic agents, currently and widely used to treat psychoses, often induce hyperphagia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. [2][3][4] In the past decade, fortunately, there has been remarkable progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of food intake and body weight. This is due in large part to increased research activity towards combating the rising incidences of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. As a result, it is now established that the central nervous system (CNS) senses and processes peripheral metabolic cues including leptin 5 and ghrelin, 6,7 resulting in coordinated energy homeostasis. However, the pathophysiology of the disequilibrium between energy intake and expenditure in psychiatric disorders remains largely unknown. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that several CNS systems regulating energy balance may be dysregulated in patients with mental illnesses, for example, eating disorders, and drug addiction. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] In the current review, we will illustrate the neuroanatomic and molecular genetic aspects of the melanocortin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) systems residing in the CNS downstream of leptin and ghrelin, to discuss the neural bases of feeding, metabolism, and emotion. Additionally, we point the reader to...

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Chapter 12 The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress

Cited by 298 publications

References 77 publications

Evidence for the Integration of Stress-Related Signals by the Rostral Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus in the Regulation of Acute and Repeated Stress-Evoked Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Response in Rat

Evidence for the Integration of Stress-Related Signals by the Rostral Posterior Hypothalamic Nucleus in the Regulation of Acute and Repeated Stress-Evoked Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Response in Rat

Activation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A Receptors Suppresses the Cardiovascular Response Evoked From the Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

Body weight is regulated by the brain: a link between feeding and emotion

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