Chapter 13 Pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of human leishmaniasis

Postigo, Jorge; Jain, Saurabh

doi:10.1515/9783110668711-013

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites transmitted by sand fly vectors. It is present in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific and is endemic in 90 countries [1]. In 2022, 205,662 new cases were reported, with the majority of cases reported from the Eastern Mediterranean [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is present in Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific and is endemic in 90 countries [1]. In 2022, 205,662 new cases were reported, with the majority of cases reported from the Eastern Mediterranean [1]. However, due to the absence of CL awareness and reliable reporting systems in many countries, the real number of cases is likely to be much higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, due to the absence of CL awareness and reliable reporting systems in many countries, the real number of cases is likely to be much higher. For example, in Africa, out of 19 countries known to be endemic for CL, only 14 had reported cases in 2022 [1]. The disease can cause different clinical manifestations: localised CL (LCL), characterised by one or more ulcerating lesions; mucocutaneous CL (MCL), where the lesions affect the mucosa of the mouth and nose; diffuse CL (DCL), characterised by nonulcerating nodules; and recidivans CL (RCL), where new lesions appear on the edges of CL scars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia

Yizengaw,

Gashaw,

Yimer

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania parasites, that can cause long-term chronic disabilities. The clinical presentation of CL varies in both type and severity. CL presents as three main clinical forms: localised lesions (localised cutaneous leishmaniasis, LCL); mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) that affects the mucosa of the nose or the mouth; or as disseminated not ulcerating nodules (diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, DCL). Here we recruited a cohort of CL patients in a newly established leishmaniasis treatment centre (LTC) in Lay Gayint, Northwest Ethiopia, and collected detailed demographic and clinical data. The results of our study show that more males than females present to the LTC to seek diagnosis and treatment. 70.2% of CL patients presented with LCL and 20.8% with MCL. A small number of patients presented with DCL, recidivans CL (a rare form of CL where new lesions appear on the edges of CL scars) or with a combination of different clinical presentations. The duration of illness varied from 1 month to 180 months. Over a third of CL patients had additional suspected CL cases in their household. Despite the majority of CL patients having heard about CL, only a minority knew about its transmission or that it could be treated. Most CL patients lived in areas where environmental factors known to be associated with the transmission of CL were present. This work highlights that CL is an important public health problem in Lay Gayint and emphasises the urgent need for more CL awareness campaigns, better health education and better disease management practices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia

Yizengaw,

Gashaw,

Yimer

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 98 countries worldwide, transmitted to humans and other mammals by the bite of female phlebotomine sandflies, affecting mainly the Americas, East and North Africa, and West and Southeast Asia . The protozoan of the genus Leishmania is the etiological agent of leishmaniasis, a complex of clinical manifestations ranging from nonfatal cutaneous ulcerations to the disfiguring mucocutaneous form and the potential fatal visceral leishmaniasis . The pathology of this disease depends on several factors, such as the Leishmania species and the host’s immunobiological response …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine as a New Antileishmanial Pharmacophore against Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes and Amastigotes

Kumar,

Singh,

das Chagas Almeida

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Leishmania poses a substantial threat to the human population all over the globe because of its visceral and cutaneous spread engendered by all 20 species. Unfortunately, the available drugs against leishmania are already hobbled with toxicity, prolonged treatment, and increasing instances of acquirement of resistance. Under these grave circumstances, the development of new drugs has become imperative to keep these harmful microbes at bay. To this end, a Groebke−Blackburn−Bienaymémulticomponent reaction-based library of different imidazo-fused heterocycles has been synthesized and screened against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes. Among the library compounds, the imidazo-pyrimidine 24 has been found to be the most effective (inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC 50 ) < 10 μM), with selective antileishmanial activity on amastigote forms, a stage of the parasite related to human disease. The compound 24 has exhibited an IC 50 value of 6.63 μM, being ∼two times more active than miltefosine, a reference drug. Furthermore, this compound is >10 times more destructive to the intracellular parasites than host cells. The observed in vitro antileishmanial activity along with suitable in silico physicochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties of compound 24 reinforce the imidazo-pyrimidine scaffold as a new antileishmanial pharmacophore and encourage further murine experimental leishmaniasis studies.

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“…It has been estimated that around 10% of uncomplicated CL cases progress to mucosal disease, diffuse CL, or disseminated CL, mainly depending on the parasite species and/or the host immune system [ 4 ]. Around 207,000 CL cases were reported to WHO in 2020; most cases were recorded in the Eastern Mediterranean region and American region, while only 971 cases were displayed in the European region [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Italy from 2017 to 2020: A Neglected Public Health Issue

Gaspari

Gritti

Ortalli

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) includes cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis; despite being endemic in southern Europe, it is often underdiagnosed and underreported. This study aimed to retrospectively examine data collected from patients with TL in a selected area of northeastern Italy (Emilia-Romagna region, RER). A network of 10 diagnostic units within RER was established, and TL cases diagnosed in RER from 2017 to 2020 were evaluated. A total of 135 TL cases were collected (62% male, 38% female); patients ranged from 1 to 84 years, with a median age of 57. Among these cases, 113 (84%) were notified to the public health authorities. The average annual incidence of TL was 0.76 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Infections were acquired within the RER in 84% of cases; the 113 autochthonous cases were distributed in the foothills areas of the region. We provide evidence of a defined spatial distribution of TL cases in a selected area of northeastern Italy, as well as a relevant number of ML cases. Our observations suggest the need to raise awareness about TL among clinicians and pathologists, promote the molecular confirmation of cases by reference laboratories, and encourage the establishment of surveillance networks for this neglected disease.

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Chapter 13 Pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of human leishmaniasis

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia

Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine as a New Antileishmanial Pharmacophore against Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes and Amastigotes

Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Italy from 2017 to 2020: A Neglected Public Health Issue

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