CHAPTER 14: Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma

Seemüller, E.; Carraro, L.; Jarausch, W.; Schneider, Bernd

doi:10.1094/9780890545010.014

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In particular, apple proliferation (AP) disease is caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' (Seemüller and Schneider 2004). The main symptoms consist in enlarged stipules, the formation of branches with the classic witches' broom appearance, early leaf reddening and root malformation, pre-harvest chlorosis and the production of small, taste-and colorless fruits (Seemüller et al 2011). The uprooting of symptomatic apple trees together with pesticide treatments to control the insect vectors are the only recommended measures currently available to counteract the spreading of AP phytoplasma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Corretto

Trenti

Serbina

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens located in the plant’s phloem that are responsible for several plant diseases and are mainly transmitted by phloem-sucking insects. Apple proliferation (AP) is an economically important disease caused by ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma mali’ which is transmitted by two psyllid species. While Cacopsylla picta is a confirmed vector in different regions, the vector efficiency of Cacopsylla melanoneura varies between different populations. This species is considered the main AP vector in Northwestern Italy but plays a minor role in Northeastern Italy and other European regions. To investigate whether the psyllid and/or the phytoplasma subtype drive the phytoplasma acquisition in C. melanoneura, we set-up a phytoplasma acquisition experiment using single mating couples including different psyllid populations and phytoplasma subtypes. All analyzed insect populations acquired phytoplasma, but with different efficiencies and concentrations. The main factors driving the acquisition were the phytoplasma subtype and its concentration in the leaves of the infected trees together with the psyllid family. The phytoplasma concentration in the psyllids was again influenced by the phytoplasma subtype, the psyllid family and the region of origin, whereas the phytoplasma concentration in the leaves and the psyllid haplotype defined with the cytochrome oxidase I gene had only a minor impact on the phytoplasma concentration. This is the first study evaluating the roles of both the psyllid haplotype and the phytoplasma subtype on the acquisition process shedding new light on the importance of C. melanoneura as AP vector.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Corretto

Trenti

Serbina

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…pyri vectors the phytoplasma ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in pear tree Pyrus communis L., the migrating summer apple psyllid Cacopsylla picta (Foerster 1848) vectors ‘ Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the causing agent of apple proliferation disease in Malus domestica Borkh 4–6 . In European fruit production, high economic losses are caused by reduced fruit yield and quality and dying plants following phytoplasma infection 7–9 . In Italy, an outbreak of apple proliferation disease caused up to € 100 million losses 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects¹

Muskat

Görg

Humbert

et al. 2021

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) (ARSEF 13372) is a recently isolated entomophthoralean fungus with potential for psyllid pest control. This study aimed to develop a formulation based on biocompatible hydrogel beads in order to transfer the fungus into an easily applicable form and to test the effects on psyllids. RESULTS: After encapsulation in calcium alginate beads, Pandora sp. nov. grew from the beads and discharged conidia over 12 days under optimal humidity conditions at 18 °C. Conidial number was increased 2.95-fold by the addition of skimmed milk as nutritional formulation adjuvant to the beads. The virulence of the encapsulated fungus was assessed with the two target psyllid species; the summer apple psyllid, Cacopsylla picta and the pear psyllid, Cacopsylla pyri. Beads containing skimmed milk as nutritional adjuvant led to the highest mortalities (48.3% on C. picta and 75.0% on C. pyri). In a second bioassay, survival time of C. pyri exposed to beads containing different concentration (10%, 20% or 40%) of Pandora sp. nov. was tested. The survival time of C. pyri was significantly reduced when exposed to beads containing 10% or 20% Pandora sp. nov. The median survival time was reached after 5-6 days past inoculation and the cumulative mortality for C. pyri treated with Pandora sp. nov. beads showed up to 89% mortality. CONCLUSION:The promising results of this study will ease the way for large-scale field application of a novel Pandora species in biological psyllid pest control.

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“…This pathogen is the causal agent of apple proliferation (AP) [ 16 ], an economically important disease in commercial apple cultivation in Europe. Formation of witches’ brooms and enlarged, dentate stipules are specific symptoms that unambiguously characterize this disease [ 17 , 18 ]. However, the non-specific symptom of small, tasteless and colorless fruits is of economical relevance, since these fruits are not marketable [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formation of witches’ brooms and enlarged, dentate stipules are specific symptoms that unambiguously characterize this disease [ 17 , 18 ]. However, the non-specific symptom of small, tasteless and colorless fruits is of economical relevance, since these fruits are not marketable [ 18 ]. The resulting yield losses in Italy for example have led to an financial damage of about 100 million Euro in 2001 [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Daytime and Tree Canopy Height on Sampling of Cacopsylla melanoneura, a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ Vector

Barthel

Kerschbamer

Panassiti

et al. 2020

Plants

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The psyllids Cacopsylla melanoneura and Cacopsylla picta reproduce on apple (Malus × domestica) and transmit the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the causative agent of apple proliferation. Adult psyllids were collected by the beating-tray method from lower and upper parts of the apple tree canopy in the morning and in the afternoon. There was a trend of catching more emigrant adults of C.melanoneura in the morning and in the lower part of the canopy. For C.melanoneura remigrants, no differences were observed. The findings regarding the distribution of adults were reflected by the number of nymphs collected by wash-down sampling. The density of C.picta was too low for a statistical analysis. The vector monitoring and how it is commonly performed, is suitable for estimating densities of C.melanoneura. Nevertheless, above a certain temperature threshold, prediction of C.melanoneura density might be skewed. No evidence was found that other relatively abundant psyllid species in the orchard, viz. Baeopelma colorata, Cacopsylla breviantennata, Cacopsylla brunneipennis, Cacopsylla pruni and Trioza urticae, were involved in ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ transmission. The results of our study contribute to an advanced understanding of insect vector behavior and thus have a practical impact for an improved field monitoring.

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CHAPTER 14: Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma

Cited by 21 publications

References 51 publications

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects¹

Effect of Daytime and Tree Canopy Height on Sampling of Cacopsylla melanoneura, a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ Vector

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CHAPTER 14: Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma

Cited by 21 publications

References 51 publications

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in Cacopsylla melanoneura

Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects1

Effect of Daytime and Tree Canopy Height on Sampling of Cacopsylla melanoneura, a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ Vector

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Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects¹