Chapter 7. Secondary Ice Production - current state of the science and recommendations for the future

Field, Paul R.; Lawson, R. Paul; Brown, Philip; Lloyd, Gary; Westbrook, C. D.; Moisseev, Dmitri; Miltenberger, Annette K.; Nenes, Athanasios; Blyth, Alan; Choularton, T. W.; Connolly, Paul; Buehl, Johannes; Crosier, Jonathan; Cui, Zhiqiang; Dearden, Chris; DeMott, Paul J.; Flossmann, Andrèa I.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Huang, Ying; Kalesse, Heike; Kanji, Zamin A.; Korolev, Alexei; Kirchgaessner, Amélie; Lasher-Trapp, Sonia; Leisner, Thomas; McFarquhar, Greg M.; Phillips, Vaughan T. J.; Stith, Jeffrey L.; Sullivan, Sylvia

doi:10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0014.1

Cited by 217 publications

(248 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(214 reference statements)

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“…Apart from the asphericity analysis, this data set also allows a diagnosis of ice crystal shattering following Field et al (2006) and Korolev and Field (2015). Thus, an interarrival time (IAT) correction was applied (Field et al, 2006) additionally to the instrument modifications described above.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, an interarrival time (IAT) correction was applied (Field et al, 2006) additionally to the instrument modifications described above. This correction rejects particles if their IATs are significantly shorter than those of majority of ice crystals, as these short IATs might result from shattering.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The supersaturation over water can remain at or above 100 % only in high updraughts, thus allowing coexistence clouds to survive down to about −38 • C (235 K), where the supercooled liquid cloud droplets will freeze homogeneously (Pruppacher et al, 1998;Koop et al, 2000). Also, secondary ice production can take place, producing high number concentrations of small ice particles (see overview in Field et al, 2015Field et al, , 2017. Examples of known processes are the Hallett-Mossop process (also called rime splintering; see Hallett and Mossop, 1974), drop-freezing (Lawson et al, 2015) and ice-ice collisions (Yano and Phillips, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, secondary ice production can take place, producing high number concentrations of small ice particles (see overview in Field et al, 2015Field et al, , 2017. Examples of known processes are the Hallett-Mossop process (also called rime splintering; see Hallett and Mossop, 1974), drop-freezing (Lawson et al, 2015) and ice-ice collisions (Yano and Phillips, 2011). When one of these processes has started, the remaining liquid fraction of a cloud can glaciate quickly via freezing initiated by ice crystals colliding with supercooled water droplets, even if the conditions for the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) process are not met.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The degree of glaciation of mixed-phase clouds constitutes one of the largest uncertainties in climate prediction. In order to better understand cloud glaciation, cloud spectrometer observations are presented in this paper, which were made in the mixed-phase temperature regime between 0 and −38 • C (273 to 235 K), where cloud particles can either be frozen or liquid. The extensive data set covers four airborne field campaigns providing a total of 139 000 1 Hz data points (38.6 h within clouds) over Arctic, midlatitude and tropical regions. We develop algorithms, combining the information on number concentration, size and asphericity of the observed cloud particles to classify four cloud types: liquid clouds, clouds in which liquid droplets and ice crystals coexist, fully glaciated clouds after the Wegener-BergeronFindeisen process and clouds where secondary ice formation occurred. We quantify the occurrence of these cloud groups depending on the geographical region and temperature and find that liquid clouds dominate our measurements during the Arctic spring, while clouds dominated by the WegenerBergeron-Findeisen process are most common in midlatitude spring. The coexistence of liquid water and ice crystals is found over the whole mixed-phase temperature range in tropical convective towers in the dry season. Secondary ice is found at midlatitudes at −5 to −10 • C (268 to 263 K) and at higher altitudes, i.e. lower temperatures in the tropics. The distribution of the cloud types with decreasing temperature is shown to be consistent with the theory of evolution of mixedphase clouds. With this study, we aim to contribute to a large statistical database on cloud types in the mixed-phase temperature regime.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime

et al. 2017

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“…If the air is not quiescent, the peak production could be reinvigorated and the lifetime elongated. , although their probes were probably subject to shattering artifacts (Field et al, 2017). Using the same methodology, Taylor , both at -5…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of secondary ice production parameterization on the simulation of a cold frontal rainband

Sullivan¹,

Barthlott²,

Crosier³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Secondary ice production via processes like rime splintering, frozen droplet shattering, and breakup upon ice hydrometeor collision have been proposed to explain discrepancies between in-cloud ice crystal and ice-nucleating particle numbers. To understand the impact of this kind of additional ice number generation on surface precipitation, we present one of the first studies to implement frozen droplet shattering and ice-ice collisional breakup parameterizations in a larger-scale model.We simulate a cold frontal rainband from the Aerosol Properties, PRocesses, And InfluenceS on the Earth's Climate campaign remain underestimated by the model. Addition of the secondary production parameterizations also clearly intensifies the differences in both accumulated precipitation and precipitation rate between the convective towers and non-convective gap regions. We suggest, then, that secondary ice production parameterizations be 10 included in large-scale models on the basis of large hydrometeor concentration and convective activity criteria.

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On the role of ice‐nucleating aerosol in the formation of ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems

Ladino

Korolev

Heckman

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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Over the decades, the cloud physics community has debated the nature and role of aerosol particles in ice initiation. The present study shows that the measured concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems exceeds the concentration of ice nucleating particles (INPs) by several orders of magnitude. The concentration of INPs was assessed from the measured aerosol particle concentration in the size range of 0.5 to 1 µm. The observations from this study suggest that primary ice crystals formed on INPs make only a minor contribution to the total concentration of ice crystals in tropical mesoscale convective systems. This is found by comparing the predicted INP number concentrations with in situ ice particle number concentrations. The obtained measurements suggest that ice multiplication is the likely explanation for the observed high concentrations of ice crystals in this type of convective system.

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Chapter 7. Secondary Ice Production - current state of the science and recommendations for the future

Cited by 217 publications

References 118 publications

Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime

Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime

The effect of secondary ice production parameterization on the simulation of a cold frontal rainband

On the role of ice‐nucleating aerosol in the formation of ice particles in tropical mesoscale convective systems

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