Characterisation and Traceability of Calcium Carbonate from the Seaweed Lithothamnium calcareum

Silva, Rosana Pereira da; Kawai, Giovanna Sayuri Domingues; Andrade, Fábio Ramos Dias de; Bezzon, Vinícius Danilo Nonato; Ferraz, Humberto Gomes

doi:10.3390/solids2020013

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The highest amount of Ca was in S18, a mixed sample containing Spirulina , Chlorella and Lithothamnium algae (191–635 mg/day for 3 g to 10 g of supplement/day, respectively). This value is likely due to Lithothamnium calcareum ( L. calcareum ), a seaweed that crystallizes calcium carbonate in its cell walls [ 35 ]. However, the UL of 2500 mg/day is unlikely to be exceeded by including Spirulina supplements in the diet [ 36 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Quality and Safety of the Spirulina Dietary Supplements Sold on the Slovenian Market

Rutar

Hudobivnik

Nečemer

et al. 2022

Foods

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The microalgae Spirulina may be a popular dietary supplement rich in essential nutrients and vitamins, but oversight of the supplement industry, in general, remains limited, and increasing incidents of adulteration, misbranding, and undeclared ingredients together with misleading claims create potential risks. In response, this study characterized the elemental, amino acid and fatty acid content of commercially available Spirulina supplements in Slovenia using EDXRF, ICP-MS and GC-MS and compared the results with their nutritional declaration. The gathered data confirm that Spirulina supplements are a good source of calcium (0.15 to 29.5% of RDA), phosphorous (3.36–26.7% of RDA), potassium (0.5 to 7.69% of RDA) and selenium (0.01 to 38.6% of RDA) when consumed within recommended amounts. However, although iron contents were relatively high (7.64 to 316% of RDA), the actual bioavailability of iron was much lower since it was mainly present as the ferric cation. This study also confirms that pure Spirulina supplements are a good source of essential and non-essential amino acids, and ω-6 but not ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The presence of additives resulted in significant variation in nutrient content and, in some instances, lower product quality. Moreover, a high proportion (86.7%) of inappropriate declarations regarding the elemental content was observed. Overall, the study conclusions underline the need for a stricter control system for Spirulina-based supplements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Quality and Safety of the Spirulina Dietary Supplements Sold on the Slovenian Market

Rutar

Hudobivnik

Nečemer

et al. 2022

Foods

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“…High Ca and Sr values in S18 can be explained by the algae Lithothamnium in this sample. In contrast to Spirulina and Chlorella, which also make up this product and contain moderate Ca and Sr levels, Lithothamnium algae contain higher values of these elements [50,51]. In S44, the higher level of Sr could be attributed to contamination during the flaking process, as this is the only sample in a flake form.…”

Section: Principal Component Analysis Of All Spirulina Samplesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Determining the Authenticity of Spirulina Dietary Supplements Based on Stable Isotope and Elemental Composition

Rutar

Strojnik

Nečemer

et al. 2023

Foods

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While the demand for Spirulina dietary supplements continues to grow, product inspection in terms of authenticity and safety remains limited. This study used the stable isotope ratios of light elements (C, N, S, H, and O) and the elemental composition to characterize Spirulina dietary supplements available on the Slovenian market. Forty-six samples were labelled as originating from the EU (1), non-EU (6), Hawaii (2), Italy (2), Japan (1), Portugal (2), Taiwan (3), India (4), and China (16), and nine products were without a declared origin. Stable isotope ratio median values were –23.9‰ (–26.0 to –21.8‰) for δ13C, 4.80‰ (1.30–8.02‰) for δ15N, 11.0‰ (6.79–12.7‰) for δ34S, –173‰ (– 190 to –158‰) for δ2H, and 17.2‰ (15.8–18.8‰) for δ18O. Multivariate statistical analyses achieved a reliable differentiation of Hawaiian, Italian, and Portuguese (100%) samples and a good separation of Chinese samples, while the separation of Indian and Taiwanese samples was less successful, but still notable. The study showed that differences in isotopic and elemental composition are indicative of sample origins, cultivation and processing methods, and environmental conditions such that, when combined, they provide a promising tool for determining the authenticity of Spirulina products.

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“…The flow of the ground quinoa and chia samples was analyzed according to the methodology described by Da Silva et al [30]. The samples were distributed into a 100 mL graduated cylinder until a volume of 50 mL was reached.…”

Section: Powder Flow Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Chia Powder as a Binder to Obtain Chewable Tablets Containing Quinoa for Dietary Fiber Supplementation

da Silva,

Reyes,

Daniel

et al. 2024

Powders

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The consumption of fiber in the human diet is a global recommendation to ensure a healthy diet. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a gluten-free grain, and chia (Salvia hispanica), a seed, contain a high fiber content, and both have the potential to be used in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. An interesting characteristic of chia is its ability to form viscous mucilage when in contact with water, making it a potential binder in solid formulations. However, there are no studies on chia as a binder, and therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using chia as a binder to produce quinoa granules and, subsequently, develop chewable tablet formulations. The quinoa and chia were in a powder form and then transformed into a wet mass with the help of mixer torque rheometer (MTR) equipment. In the wet granulation form, the following parameters were tested: multiple additions, 15 g of material, and 25 timepoints for the addition of 1 mL of water. An experimental design was carried out to evaluate the impact of the variables on the MTR results for subsequent granulation. The granulation point was possible for T1–T9, and most formulations gave satisfactory results, such as an acceptable resistance of the granules. In the end, a formulation was selected for the development of chewable tablets containing quinoa and chia fibers.

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Characterisation and Traceability of Calcium Carbonate from the Seaweed Lithothamnium calcareum

Cited by 12 publications

References 55 publications

Nutritional Quality and Safety of the Spirulina Dietary Supplements Sold on the Slovenian Market

Nutritional Quality and Safety of the Spirulina Dietary Supplements Sold on the Slovenian Market

Determining the Authenticity of Spirulina Dietary Supplements Based on Stable Isotope and Elemental Composition

Using Chia Powder as a Binder to Obtain Chewable Tablets Containing Quinoa for Dietary Fiber Supplementation

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