“…In the case of the characterisation of NPs of biological origin, the NTA technique offers the greatest flexibility and robustness [17,39,40]. The ability to analyse samples in simple and complex biological media [3,19,25,41,42] is of distinct advantage when characterising materials under physiological conditions.…”
We present here a perspective detailing the current state-of-the-art technologies for the characterisation of nanoparticles (NPs) in liquid suspension. We detail the technologies involved and assess their applications in the determination of NP size and concentration. We also investigate the parameters that can influence the results and put forward a cause and effect analysis of the principle factors influencing the measurement of NP size and concentration by NP tracking analysis and dynamic light scattering, to identify areas where uncertainties in the measurement can arise. Also included are technologies capable of characterising NPs in solution, whose measurements are not based on light scattering. It is hoped that the manuscript, with its detailed description of the methodologies involved, will assist scientists in selecting the appropriate technology for characterising their materials and enabling them to comply with regulatory agencies’ demands for accurate and reliable NP size and concentration data.
“…In the case of the characterisation of NPs of biological origin, the NTA technique offers the greatest flexibility and robustness [17,39,40]. The ability to analyse samples in simple and complex biological media [3,19,25,41,42] is of distinct advantage when characterising materials under physiological conditions.…”
We present here a perspective detailing the current state-of-the-art technologies for the characterisation of nanoparticles (NPs) in liquid suspension. We detail the technologies involved and assess their applications in the determination of NP size and concentration. We also investigate the parameters that can influence the results and put forward a cause and effect analysis of the principle factors influencing the measurement of NP size and concentration by NP tracking analysis and dynamic light scattering, to identify areas where uncertainties in the measurement can arise. Also included are technologies capable of characterising NPs in solution, whose measurements are not based on light scattering. It is hoped that the manuscript, with its detailed description of the methodologies involved, will assist scientists in selecting the appropriate technology for characterising their materials and enabling them to comply with regulatory agencies’ demands for accurate and reliable NP size and concentration data.
“…Accurate nanoparticle size characterisation is therefore a key requirement [63][64][65]. There are also other important NP characteristics that can be experimentally controlled and which can influence the NP-membrane adhesion beside the size.…”
Engineered nanomaterials have a wide range of applications and as a result, are increasingly present in the environment. While they offer new technological opportunities, there is also the potential for adverse impact, in particular through possible toxicity. In this review, we discuss the current state of the art in the experimental characterisation of nanoparticle-membrane interactions relevant to the prediction of toxicity arising from disruption of biological systems. One key point of discussion is the urgent need for more quantitative studies of nano-bio interactions in experimental models of lipid system that mimic in vivo membranes.
“…However, since the NTA technique relies on the detection of scattered light, plasma had to be diluted 10 6 times for the nanoparticles to be visible. 14 In another recent study, sizing of polystyrene model particles in plasma was achieved with success using differential centrifugal sedimentation although again the plasma was diluted at least 50 times. 6 Flow cytometry was recently explored as an alternative method for sizing fluorescently labeled nanomedicines in serum.…”
Accurate sizing of nanoparticles in biological media is important for drug delivery and biomedical imaging applications since size directly influences the nanoparticle processing and nanotoxicity in vivo. Using fluorescence single particle tracking we have succeeded for the first time in following the aggregation of drug delivery nanoparticles in real time in undiluted whole blood. We demonstrate that, by using a suitable surface functionalization, nanoparticle aggregation in the blood circulation is prevented to a large extent.
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