Characterisation of the high dynamic range Large Pixel Detector (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources

Veale, Matthew C.; Adkin, P.J.; Booker, P.; Coughlan, J. A.; French, M.; Hart, M.; Nicholls, T.; Schneider, Andreas; Seller, P.; Pape, I.; Sawhney, Kawal; Carini, G.; Hart, Philip

doi:10.1088/1748-0221/12/12/p12003

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As a consequence 2D detectors have to cope with a large dynamic range, requiring single photon sensitivity e.g. for single molecule imaging, and registering more than 10 4 photons/pixel in the same image for the case of liquid scattering or intense Bragg Spots 4 . AGIPD is one of three detectors developed to cope with the timing requirements of the European XFEL [3].…”

Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 12.4 keV is the maximum fundamental photon energy of the SASE1 and SASE2 undulators at the European XFEL, providing beam for the AGIPD-equiped instruments. 4 Droplets and ice crystals are frequently encountered in gas and liquid jet sample delivery setups 5 The firmware for the readout system would have to send commands to the ASIC in a different order…”

Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AGIPD is one of three detectors developed to cope with the timing requirements of the European XFEL [3]. The other two are the Large Pixel Detector (LPD) [4] with 500 µm × 500 µm pixel size and 1 Mpixel installed, and DSSC [5], a 1 Mpixel detector with 200 µm × 230 µm hexagonal pixels, based on silicon drift diodes or Depfet sensors with Signal Compression (hence the acronym), currently under development. While LPD is targeted at the same energy range as AGIPD, it differs from it by a lower spatial and energy resolution, but covers a much bigger area and operates in ambient.…”

Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

Allahgholi

Becker

Delfs

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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The European XFEL is an extremely brilliant Free Electron Laser Source with a very demanding pulse structure: trains of 2700 X-Ray pulses are repeated at 10 Hz. The pulses inside the train are spaced by 220 ns and each one contains up to 10 12 photons of 12.4 keV, while being ≤ 100 fs in length. AGIPD, the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector, is a hybrid pixel detector developed by DESY, PSI, and the Universities of Bonn and Hamburg to cope with these properties.It is a fast, low noise integrating detector, with single photon sensitivity (for E γ 6 keV) and a large dynamic range, up to 10 4 photons at 12.4 keV. This is achieved with a charge sensitive amplifier with 3 adaptively selected gains per pixel. 352 images can be recorded at up to 6.5 MHz and stored in the in-pixel analogue memory and read out between pulse trains. The core component of this detector is the AGIPD ASIC, which consists of 64 × 64 pixels of 200 µm × 200 µm. Control of the ASIC's image acquisition and analogue readout is via a command based interface. FPGA based electronic boards, controlling ASIC operation, image digitisation and 10 GE data transmission interface AGIPD detectors to DAQ and control systems.An AGIPD 1 Mpixel detector has been installed at the SPB 1 experimental station in August 2017, while a second one is currently commissioned for the MID 2 endstation. A larger (4 Mpixel) AGIPD detector and one to employ Hi-Z sensor material to efficiently register photons up to E γ ≈ 25 keV are currently under construction.

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Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The European Xfelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

Allahgholi

Becker

Delfs

et al. 2019

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…Most of imaging detectors available for photon science experiments today can be roughly divided between the ones capable of continuous operation at moderate speed, i.e. capable of readout at rate up to a few k-frame/s [1,2], often used at synchrotron rings (SRs) and low-repetition-rate free electron lasers (FELs), and the ones optimized for high-repetition-rate FELs, capable of a few M-frame/s, but only for short imaging bursts [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of CoRDIA: an Imaging Detector for next-generation Synchrotron Rings and Free Electron Lasers

Marras

Klujev

Lange

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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An x-ray imager is being developed for use in diffraction-limited synchrotron rings and continuous wave free electron lasers. The imager is named CoRDIA (COntinuous Readout Digitising Imager Array) and aims at achieving continuous operation at a frame rate in excess of 100kHz. Other goals include single-photon sensitivity at 12 keV (or below), a full well in excess of 10k photon/pixel/image, and a 100μm pixel pitch. The detector ASIC will be compatible with multiple sensor materials to cover different energy ranges. Exploratory prototypes of the readout ASIC (basic circuital blocks) have been manufactured in TSMC 65nm technology: they are presently under test.

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“…The two other 1-megapixel cameras specifically developed for the unique X-ray pulse structure of the EuXFEL, the Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) [6] and the Large Pixel Detector (LPD) [7], target the higher photon energy range 7 keV -15 keV. In addition, among the other differences in the readout architecture, both systems have no on-ASIC ADCs and therefore store the pixel output amplitudes as analogue values, limiting the number of frames per train to 512 for LPD and to 352 for AGIPD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MiniSDD-Based 1-Mpixel Camera of the DSSC Project for the European XFEL

Porro

Andricek

Castoldi

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The first DSSC 1-megapixel camera became available at the European XFEL in the Hamburg area in February 2019. It was successfully tested, installed and commissioned at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering Instrument. DSSC is a high-speed, large-area, 2-D imaging detector system optimized for photon science applications in the energy range between 0.25 keV and 6 keV. The camera is based on direct conversion Si-sensors and is composed of 1024×1024 pixels of hexagonal shape with a side length of 136 µm. 256 ASICs provide full parallel readout, comprising analog filtering, digitization and in-pixel data storage. In order to cope with the demanding X-ray pulse time structure of the European XFEL, the DSSC provides a peak frame rate of 4.5 MHz. The first megapixel camera is equipped with Miniaturized Silicon Drift Detector pixel arrays. The intrinsic response of the pixels and the linear readout limit the dynamic range but allow one to achieve noise values of about 60 electrons r.m.s. at the highest frame rate. The challenge of providing high-dynamic range (~10 4 photons/pixel/pulse) and single photon detection simultaneously requires a non-linear system front-end, which will be obtained with the DEPFET active pixel technology foreseen for the advanced version of the camera. This technology will provide lower noise and a nonlinear response at the sensor level. The paper describes the The manuscript was submitted on 28.02.2021. The development described in this work was initiated, funded and coordinated by the European XFEL GmbH in the framework of the DSSC project.

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Characterisation of the high dynamic range Large Pixel Detector (LPD) and its use at X-ray free electron laser sources

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

Megapixels @ Megahertz – The AGIPD high-speed cameras for the European XFEL

Development of CoRDIA: an Imaging Detector for next-generation Synchrotron Rings and Free Electron Lasers

The MiniSDD-Based 1-Mpixel Camera of the DSSC Project for the European XFEL

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