Characteristics and Chemical Compounds Liquid Smoke of Mangrove Stem Bark Waste from Charcoal Industry

Abstract

In Batu Ampar, the charcoal industry, West Kalimantan, used Rhizophora sp. mangrove to produce liquid acid with mangrove stem bark waste as a side product. Pyrolysis of liquid smoke of mangrove stem bark waste at a temperature of 4000C for 6 hours resulted in a yield of 33.97% with pH, specific gravity, and color were 2.8, 1.004, and brown, respectively. Analysis of GC-MS showed that liquid smoke without distillation has 16 chemical compounds where the main components were acetone (12.32%), acetic acid (11.62%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde (26.72%), 5-methyl furfural (13.87%) and phenol, 2-methoxy (13.31%). Furthermore, this liquid smoke is distilled at 1000C to produces residual liquid smoke and distillate liquid smoke. The residual liquid smoke resulted in a yield of 95.8% with characteristics of pH, specific gravity, and color were the lowest 2.73, 1.004, and dark brown, respectively. The liquid smoke residue contained 12 chemical compounds where the main components were butanal, 3-hydroxy- (17.46%), acetone (17.15%), acetic acid (32.27 %), and 2-furancarboxaldehyde (13.28%). Distillate liquid smoke resulted in a yield of 4.2% with pH, specific gravity, and color characteristics, which were 2.8, 1.001, and yellow, respectively. This liquid smoke contained nine chemical compounds, with the main components were ethyl ester (26.69%) and ethylene glycol (64.70%). Based on the GC-MS data, the liquid smoke from mangrove leather waste did not contain poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) or benzopyrene compounds.

Production, characterization, and potential phenol content of various grades liquid smoke made from coconut shell waste (Cocos nucifera L.)

“…This is caused by the acetic acid compound content, which increases during the refining process, where the acetic acid present in each grade will also evaporate because the boiling point of acetic acid is 118°C. The acid content in liquid smoke is helpful for inhibiting microbial growth in food products so that damage to food ingredients can be inhibited, thereby increasing the durability or shelf life of the product [10,17,18].…”

Pemanfaatan Asap Cair untuk Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit Kakao

“…Asap cair mengandung 12 senyawa kimia dengan komponen utama adalah butanal, 3-hydroxy-(17.46%), acetone (17.15%), acetic acid (32.27 %), dan 2-furancarboxaldehyde (13.28%). Distilat asap cair mengandung 9 senyawa kimia dengan komponen utama adalah ethyl ester sebanyak 26.69% dan ethylene glycol sebanyak 64.70% (Idiawati et al, 2021). Selain itu asap cair mengandung Kirrikins adalah zat pengatur tumbuh (plant growth regulator) yang baru yaitu dicirikan sebagai senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki struktur cincin butenolide yang besifat larut dalam pelarut organik dan air (Antala et al, 2020).…”