“…18 In a point-to ring corona, Giubbilini also demonstrated that the ion current is inversely proportional to the point-to-ring distance. 18 Some recent studies modify Townsend's quadratic relationship to better describe the ðu À IÞ relationship for different electrode configurations, e.g., point-to-plate, 19,20 pointto-grid, 21 point-to-cylinder, 22 sphere-to-plane, 23 coaxial cylinders, 24,25 wire-cylinder-plate, [26][27][28] point-to-ring, 18,29,30 parallel electrodes, 31 multi-electrodes, 32 and non-uniform electric fields. 33 In propulsion studies, the electrostatic force has been modeled using various hydrodynamic terms, such as body forces 34 or pressure (drag).…”