Characteristics of trace elements bound to ambient nanoparticles (PM0.1) and a health risk assessment in southern Thailand

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

“…Briefly, one half of the QFF was cut into small pieces and immersed in 2 mL of 65% HNO 3 − for 1 h, in a water bath at a temperature of 95 • C. Then, the 0.5 mL of 30% H 2 O 2 was added for 30 min [30]. The samples were allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered through Whatman No.1 paper, and then diluted to obtain a 10 mL solution [23]. The procedure for the extraction and analysis of trace elements followed the US-EPA method 6010D (SW-846) and the US-EPA method IO-3.1 (compendium of methods for the determination of inorganic compounds in ambient air).…”

“…In addition, particle-bound trace elements have important effects regarding human health. The toxic elements increase both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments in humans [23][24][25]. Although they represent a small share of the total mass concentration of PM, trace elements are of particular concern because that have a health risk to humans [23,26,27].…”

“…The toxic elements increase both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments in humans [23][24][25]. Although they represent a small share of the total mass concentration of PM, trace elements are of particular concern because that have a health risk to humans [23,26,27]. Concerning elements, Mn, Al, and Fe are characteristically found in the crust earth, whereas Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn are resulting from anthropogenic sources [5,13].…”

Carbon and Trace Element Compositions of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and Nanoparticles (PM_0.1) in Ambient Air of Southern Thailand and Characterization of Their Sources

“…In addition, particle-bound trace elements have important effects regarding human health. The toxic elements increase both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments in humans [23][24][25]. Although they represent a small share of the total mass concentration of PM, trace elements are of particular concern because that have a health risk to humans [23,26,27].…”

“…Moreover, information concerning particle-bound trace elements in the PM0.1 fraction is still lacking in Thailand. Receptor modeling, e.g., principal component analyses (PCA) has been used to identify the emission sources of chemical species in the PM10 and PM2.5 fractions in Thailand [7,24], although PCA continues to be lacking in PM0.1 fraction in Thailand.…”