Characterization and In Vitro Permeation Study of Cubic Liquid Crystal Containing Sinomenine Hydrochloride

Abstract

This study developed a new transdermal delivery system for the improved delivery of sinomenine hydrochloride (SH). The delivery system utilized the advantages of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) creating an adaptable system that offers a variety of options for the field of transdermal delivery. The formulation was prepared, characterized, and evaluated for its skin penetration in vitro. In the study, the appearance of samples was characterized by visual observation, and these LLC gels were colorless and transparent. Polarizing light microscopy (PLM) and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) were used to analyze the internal structures of gels, and the gels displayed a cubic double-diamond (P3) internal structure with a dark field of vision. The Franze diffusion cell was used to evaluate its skin penetration. There were several factors which might influence the skin penetration of drugs, such as drug loading, water content, and the layer spacing of the LLC. In our case, drug concentration gradient played a more powerful role. The result of in vitro permeation studies demonstrated that the drug concentration was higher; the cumulative osmotic quantity of SH (Q) was greater. Therefore, the system was a promising formulation for successful percutaneous delivery of SH through the skin.

A Novel Phytantriol-Based Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Gel for Efficient Ophthalmic Delivery of Pilocarpine Nitrate

“…However, in the case of LC gels, lower than 43.93% of the drug was released within the first 40 min, and nearly 73% of the drugs were released within 300 min. Obviously, the release rate of PN from LC gels slowed down and was close to the Higuchi model after an initial burst release for approximately 20 min (49) the release profile of the drug obtained from 3% gel was significantly (P < 0.05) slower than that from the 1 and 2% ones. Nevertheless, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference observed in the release trend of LC gels.…”

Cubic and hexagonal liquid crystal gels for ocular delivery with enhanced effect of pilocarpine nitrate on anti-glaucoma treatment

“…The phase structure of LCs can be distinguished by the optical texture in CPLM. As shown in Figure 1(A), a dark view without birefringence hints that FQ may be a Q 2 phase (Chu et al., 2018). Nevertheless, a clear fan-like, angular texture in Figure 1(B) was the morphology mostly observed in FH, indicating that the formulation has formed an H 2 phase (Ki et al., 2014).…”

“…Later, the phase diagram of glycerol monooleate/TAG/water ternary system was reported (Libster et al., 2007). In addition, we fully considered the solubility of PN and the basis of our previous work to select the ratio of formulations (Chu et al., 2018). Hence, PYT/water (70:30, w/w) binary system and PYT/TAG/water (71.15:3.85:25, w/w/w) ternary system were selected to prepare 3 wt% PN-loaded Q 2 and H 2 gels, respectively.…”

“…This may be due to the good biocompatibility between biofilm-like lipid carriers and corneal epithelial cells, resulting in more easily transport and an elevated solubility of encapsulated drug molecules through the corneal barriers. Besides, PYT, as an amphiphilic lipid, has its own osmotic promoting effect could penetrate across tight junctions to strengthen corneal epithelial permeability (Zhang et al., 2015; Chu et al., 2018; Wan et al., 2018). Surprisingly, the corneal permeability of H 2 gel is better than that of Q 2 gel, which is contrary to the results of in vitro release.…”

Preparation of Nanostructured Graphene Oxide and Its Application in Drug Loading and Sustained Release

“…After the removal of amphiphilic surfactant which served as the templating molecules, the ordered nanochannels formed, presenting the same or complementary nanostructure of the LLC phases. The templated nanostructured materials are often used as drug sustained‐release delivery vehicles to encapsulate drugs into their controllable channels [9,14–16] …”