Characterization and selection of hexaploid wheats containing resistance to Heterodera avenae or Mayetiola destructor introgressed from Aegilops: a review

Abstract

Cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) and Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor) are two major pests affecting wheat crops worldwide including important cereal areas of Spain. Aegilops ventricosa and Ae. triuncialis were used as donors in a strategy to introduce resistance genes (RG) for these pests in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two 42 chromosomes introgression lines have been derived from Ae. ventricosa: H-93-8 and H-93-33 carrying genes Cre2 and H27 conferring resistance to CCN and HF, respectively. Line TR-3531 with 42 chromosomes has been derived from Ae. triuncialis and carries RGs conferring resistance for CCN (Cre7) and for HF (H30). Alien material has been incorporated in lines H-93 by chromosomal substitution and recombination, while in line TR-3531 homoeologous recombination affecting small DNA fragments has played a major role. It has been demonstrated that Cre2, Cre7, H27 and H30 are major single dominant genes and not allelic of other previously described RGs. Biochemical and molecular-biology studies of the defense mechanism triggered by Cre2 and Cre7 have revealed specific induction of peroxidase and other antioxidant enzymes. In parallel to these basic studies advanced lines carrying resistance genes for CNN and/or HF have been developed. Selection was done using molecular markers for eventually «pyramiding» resistance genes. Several isozyme and RAPD markers have been described and, currently, new markers based on transposable elements and NBS-LRR sequences are being developed. At present, two advanced lines have already been included at the Spanish Catalogue of Commercial Plant Varieties.Additional key words: Aegilops triuncialis, Aegilops ventricosa, cereal cyst nematode, Hessian fly, resistance genes, Triticum aestivum. Resumen Revisión. Caracterización y selección de trigos hexaploides con resistencia a Heterodera avenae o Mayetiola destructor transferida desde AegilopsEl nematodo del quiste de los cereales (CCN, Heterodera avenae) y el mosquito del trigo (HF, Mayetiola destructor) son dos plagas que afectan a los cultivos de trigo incluyendo importantes áreas cerealistas en España. Aegilops ventricosa y Ae. triuncialis se han usado como donantes en una estrategia para introducir genes de resistencia (RG) para estas plagas en trigo hexaploide (Triticum aestivum L.). Por una parte, a partir de Ae. ventricosa se han generado dos líneas de introgresión de 42 cromosomas: H-93-8 y H-93-33, con los genes Cre2 y H27 que confieren resistencia a CCN y HF, respectivamente. Por otra, se ha generado la línea TR-3531 de 42 cromosomas, derivada de Ae. triuncialis, con RGs para CCN (Cre7) y HF (H30). La introgresión en las líneas H-93 se ha producido por sustitución cromosómica y recombinación, mientras que en la línea TR-3531 ha sido fundamentalmente por la recombinación homeóloga de pequeños fragmentos de ADN. Cre2, Cre7, H27 y H30 son genes dominantes simples, no alélicos a otros RGs previamente descritos. Estudios bioquímicos y de biología molecular sobre las defensas induci...

Biochemical changes in grape rootstocks resulted from humic acid treatments in relation to nematode infection

“…Incompatible resistant interactions between plant and pathogen are often determined by the formation of ROS by the pathogen [12] . ROS, such as H 2 O 2 , is some of the most damaging stressors in plants.…”

“…There is no information regarding peroxiredoxins in plant parasitic nematodes [10] . The incompatible resistant interactions to nematode infection may include many physiological defense actions, production of H 2 O 2 , jasmonic acids, the formation of ROS [11][12][13] , different enzymatic and non-enzymatic glutathione and ascorbate [14] , Objective: To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected, resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactive substances. Methods: The grape rootstocks, superior, superior/ freedom and freedom were reacted differently to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis according to rootstock progenitor.…”

The role of Aegilops species in the origin and improvement of common wheat

“…These are more stable than addition lines and have more genotypic variation. Substitution lines were obtained in which Aegilops chromosomes were substituted in place of wheat chromosomes [6,58,59,60]. Owing to the foreign chromosomes, these lines are resistant to fungal pathogens, nematodes, and insects.…”

Characterization of Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. x Triticum aestivum L. hybrid lines

“…The goal of distant hybridization is to introduce to breeding materials genes from wild species that code resistance to non-favourable agricultural conditions as well as high grain protein and micronutrient content. Aegilops species are often used as sources of desirable agronomic characters that can be introduced into wheat cultivars [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].…”