Characterization, Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Implications of Mitogenomes of Fulgoridae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)

Abstract

The complete mitogenomes of nine fulgorid species were sequenced and annotated to explore their mitogenome diversity and the phylogenetics of Fulgoridae. All species are from China and belong to five genera: Dichoptera Spinola, 1839 (Dichoptera sp.); Neoalcathous Wang and Huang, 1989 (Neoalcathous huangshanana Wang and Huang, 1989); Limois Stål, 1863 (Limois sp.); Penthicodes Blanchard, 1840 (Penthicodes atomaria (Weber, 1801), Penthicodes caja (Walker, 1851), Penthicodes variegata (Guérin-Méneville, 1829)); Pyrops Spinola, 1839 (Pyrops clavatus (Westwood, 1839), Pyrops lathburii (Kirby, 1818), Pyrops spinolae (Westwood, 1842)). The nine mitogenomes were 15,803 to 16,510 bp in length with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs) and a control region (A + T-rich region). Combined with previously reported fulgorid mitogenomes, all PCGs initiate with either the standard start codon of ATN or the nonstandard GTG. The TAA codon was used for termination more often than the TAG codon and the incomplete T codon. The nad1 and nad4 genes varied in length within the same genus. A high percentage of F residues were found in the nad4 and nad5 genes of all fulgorid mitogenomes. The DHU stem of trnV was absent in the mitogenomes of all fulgorids sequenced except Dichoptera sp. Moreover, in most fulgorid mitogenomes, the trnL2, trnR, and trnT genes had an unpaired base in the aminoacyl stem and trnS1 had an unpaired base in the anticodon stem. The similar tandem repeat regions of the control region were found in the same genus. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted based on 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes from 53 species of Fulgoroidea and seven outgroups. The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees had a similar topological structure. The major results show that Fulgoroidea was divided into two groups: Delphacidae and ((Achilidae + (Lophopidae + (Issidae + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)))) + Fulgoridae). Furthermore, the monophyly of Fulgoridae was robustly supported, and Aphaeninae was divided into Aphaenini and Pyropsini, which includes Neoalcathous, Pyrops, Datua Schmidt, 1911, and Saiva Distant, 1906. The genus Limois is recovered in the Aphaeninae, and the Limoisini needs further confirmation; Dichoptera sp. was the earliest branch in the Fulgoridae.

Comparative Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Five Species of Ricaniidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and Phylogenetic Implications

“…Meanwhile, a large segment poly (A), which probably makes mitochondrial genome sequence rather difficult, was found in nad4 and nad5 genes of all five Ricaniidae mitogenomes. It was also found in some other planthoppers species [ 18 , 33 , 34 ].…”

“…There are different repeat units in the genus Ricania , but Ricania speculum and Ricania marginalis had two tandem repeat regions with the second repeat unit of “ATAATATAT”. Tandem repeats were also found in the control region in other species of Fulgoroidea [ 18 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

“…This study found cox2 , atp6 , nad4 ended with an incomplete T, which is universal in planthoppers [ 33 , 34 , 36 ]. In addition, nad1 was terminated with incomplete A in Pochazia shantungensis and Ricania speculum , which rarely exists in other planthoppers.…”

The Lanternfly genus Pyrops in Vietnam: A new species from Central Vietnam, taxonomic changes, checklist, identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)

“…The distribution map was produced with SimpleMappr (Shorthouse 2010). The suprageneric classification follows Wang et al (2021).…”