Characterization, in vitro bioactivity and biological studies of sol‐gel‐derived TiO₂ substituted 58S bioactive glass

Abstract

Bioactive glasses (BGs) have been used for bone formation and bone repair processes in recent years. This study investigated the titanium substitution effect on 58S BGs (Ti‐BGs) 60SiO2‐(36 − X)CaO‐4P2O5‐XTiO2 (X = 0, 3, and 5 mol.%) prepared by the sol‐gel technique, and the main goal was to find the optimum amount of titanium in Ti‐BGs. Synthesized BGs, which were investigated after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), were tested by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity, 3‐(4,5dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and antibacterial studies were employed to investigate the biological properties of Ti‐BGs. According to the FTIR and XRD test results, hydroxyapatite (HA) formation on Ti‐BGs surfaces was confirmed. Meanwhile, the presence of 5 mol.% compared to 3 mol.% increased the HA grain distribution and their size on the Ti‐BGs surface. Additionally, MTT and ALP results confirmed that the optimal amount of titanium substitution in BG was 5 mol.%. Since 5 mol.% Ti incorporated BG (BG‐5) had the highest biocompatibility level, antibacterial properties, maximum cell proliferation, and ALP activity among the synthesized Ti‐BGs, it is presented as the best candidate for further in vivo investigations.

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“…XRD diffractograms were recorded at different time points (before and after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of immersion in SBF) in order to confirm the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite (Figure S1f). It can be seen that the characteristic apatite peak in the range of 31.5-31.8°, corresponding to (211) reflection planes, occurs after soaking in SBF for 3 days [57][58][59][60][61][62][63]; in contrast, the SrCO 3 peaks are suppressed, implying that the respective crystals disappear during this period. The hydroxyapatite peaks became more pronounced from the third day of immersion onwards, showing that the formation of the hydroxyapatite was enhanced upon increasing the time of exposure to SBF.…”