Characterization of leptin pulse dynamics and relationship to fat mass,  growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin

Koutkia, Polyxeni; Canavan, Bridget; Johnson, Michael L.; DePaoli, Alex M.; Grinspoon, Steven

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2003

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Previous studies have identified dimorphic responses of s.c. abdominal fat to growth hormone pulses (29 -32). Taken together with endocrinological observations of leptin and GH pulse synchronicity, these observations further implicate a role for leptin in the growth cascade (33)(34)(35)(36), if by paths influenced by sex steroids. Whether the loss of suprailiac s.c. skinfold attendant with length growth spurts among the infant boys was due to mechanical stretching, shifts in body composition, or the depletion of a high-turnover site for energy was not identifiable in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sex Differences in the Relationships Among Weight Gain, Subcutaneous Skinfold Tissue and Saltatory Length Growth Spurts in Infancy

2005

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As the mechanisms controlling the amount and timing of growth saltations are not well understood, the identification of physiologic coupling in weight and length growth are important for further understanding normal growth biology. Thirty-four healthy infants (13 males, 21 females) participated in a longitudinal growth study during the first year. Weekly weights and s.c. skinfolds (limb and trunk) were analyzed in a growth eventfocused study. Coincident analysis tested the null hypothesis of chance concurrence between significant weight gain and saltatory length growth spurts. Logistic regression quantified this relationship and investigated the interaction between incremental weight gain and s.c. skinfolds on length growth spurts. The null hypothesis of random coincidence between weight gain and saltatory length growth was not supported. For girls, significant weight gain and length growth were coupled during the same week and length saltations were 42% more likely during the weeks of significant weight gain, with no interaction from s.c. skinfolds. For boys, length growth saltations were coupled to both previous and concomitant weight gain but were predicted only by previous weight gain, controlling for confounders. Boys were 68% more likely to grow in length the week following significant weight gain, and initial abdominal to suprailiac skinfold ratios conferred a 4-fold increased likelihood of length growth within the week, controlling for confounders. These data generate the hypothesis that a common growth signal cascade couples growth in weight and length/height with a time delay due to sex-specific biology, reflected in a s.c. fat fold interface. While weight and height growth have often been considered to be physiologically coupled (1), how weight gain is related to linear growth during normal infant development is not well understood. As the proximal mechanisms controlling discrete growth spurts are unknown, identifying metabolic influences from weight changes may be important evidence for better understanding the normal biology of growth.Variability in the sequence of weight and height growth patterns have been reported among nutritionally challenged samples. For example, studies of catch-up growth in previously malnourished children have observed that, with the onset of supplementation, repletion of weight and/or weight for height preceded linear growth (2-4). Seasonality studies have, likewise, identified alternating weight and height gains among infants and young children (5). These observations have been reiterated in an animal model that identified immediate weight gain in short-term fasted male rats after repletion, which preceded linear growth rate accelerations in the tibia (6).A logical proposition from these studies is that weight gain is a signal for linear growth. This is in line with a historical "filling and stretching" notion of the relationship between weight gain and longitudinal growth (7). An offset in the timing of weight gain and linear growth may permit adipose tissue accrual to p...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Sex Differences in the Relationships Among Weight Gain, Subcutaneous Skinfold Tissue and Saltatory Length Growth Spurts in Infancy

2005

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“…Ghanzzoni et al [22] suggested that the relationship between GH and leptin could be a direct and characterized prevalently by a positive effect of GH on leptin secretion. Synchronicity has also been shown by Kautkia et al [23] between GH and leptin (lag -39 min), cortisol and leptin (lag -211 min), and leptin and insulin, with leptin following insulin by 275 min.…”

Section: Igf-i and Leptin Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Action of IGF-I on Expression of the Long Form of the Leptin Receptor (ObRb) in the Prepubertal Period and Throughout the Estrous Cycle in the Mature Pig Ovary

Gregoraszczuk

Ptak

Wojciechowicz

et al. 2007

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract.Leptin is an important satiety hormone and reproductive regulator found, along with its receptors, throughout the ovary. To date, the changes in ovarian expression of leptin receptor during the prepubertal period and throughout the estrous cycle in the pig have not been studied. In this study, the long form of the leptin receptor was a detectable level in immature pig ovarian follicles when assayed using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, its level was increased in growing follicles during follicular phase of the estrous cycle (6-fold in early antral [EAF] and antral [AF] follicles) and was highest in newly formed corpora lutea. Its changes paralleled those in steroid secretion and especially progesterone (P4) secretion. Additionally, we showed that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I had stimulatory effect on leptin receptor expression using a tissue culture model of follicular and luteal cells, with a 12-fold increase in prepubertal ovaries and a 1.5-to 2-fold increase in growing follicles and newly formed corpora lutea (CL). These results suggest that ovarian expression of leptin receptor is regulated throughout the estrous cycle by ovarian steroids, with peak expression at ovulation, indicating a possible involvement in follicular development and corpus luteum formation. Moreover, this data points to an important role of IGF-I in leptin receptor expression during the entire estrous cycle, with a special role during the prepubertal period.

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“…Significant cross-correlation values for the two groups at any particular lag time were tested against the null hypothesis of random associations, using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic. The International Mathematics and Statistical Library routine DCCF was used for the correlational analysis (6,29).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This score increases in magnitude as the secretory burst pattern becomes more disorderly. Cross-ApEn (X-ApEn) is the bivariate analog of ApEn and quantifies the degree of lag-independent pattern synchrony between timed series (29,44). X-ApEn measures were obtained for ghrelin and GH and for ghrelin and cortisol.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretory dynamics of ghrelin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents

Misra¹,

Miller²,

Kuo³

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

154

132

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Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide and a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue. Secretory dynamics of ghrelin have not been characterized in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). We hypothesized that, compared with healthy adolescents, girls with AN would have increased ghrelin concentrations measured over 12 h of nocturnal sampling from increased basal and pulsatile secretion, and endogenous ghrelin would independently predict GH and cortisol. We examined ghrelin concentration and secretory dynamics in 22 girls with AN and 18 healthy adolescents 12-18 yr old. Associations between ghrelin, various hormones, and measures of insulin resistance were examined. On Cluster analysis, girls with AN had higher ghrelin concentrations than controls, including total area under the curve (AUC) (P ϭ 0.002), nadir (P ϭ 0.0006), and valley levels (P ϭ 0.002). On deconvolution analysis, secretory burst amplitude (P ϭ 0.03) and burst mass (P ϭ 0.04) were higher in AN, resulting in higher pulsatile (P ϭ 0.05) and total ghrelin secretion (P ϭ 0.03). Fasting ghrelin independently predicted GH burst frequency (r ϭ 0.44, P ϭ 0.005). The nutritional markers body mass index and body fat predicted postglucose and valley ghrelin but not fasting levels. Ghrelin parameters were inversely associated with fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, and IGF-I. HOMA-IR was the most significant predictor of most ghrelin parameters. Valley ghrelin independently predicted cortisol burst frequency (52% of variability), and ghrelin parameters independently predicted total triiodothyronine and LH levels. Higher ghrelin concentrations in adolescents with AN are a consequence of increased secretory burst mass and amplitude. The most important predictor of ghrelin concentration is insulin resistance, and ghrelin in turn predicts GH and cortisol burst frequency. growth hormone; cortisol; total triiodothyronine; estradiol; luteinizing hormone; insulin resistance GHRELIN, A 28-AMINO ACID PEPTIDE, is a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue (2, 4, 25, 26, 50 -53) that is also orexigenic (40,56). It is unknown whether elevated ghrelin values are an important contributing factor to the elevated GH levels that occur in anorexia nervosa (AN), a unique model of chronic undernutrition. We have demonstrated higher fasting ghrelin levels in adolescent girls with AN compared with healthy adolescents and higher nadir ghrelin levels following an oral glucose load (36). Girls with AN also have higher GH concentrations, a consequence of increased basal GH secretion and secretory burst frequency (33). Similarly, elevated ghrelin (21, 39) and GH concentrations (47, 49) have been reported in adult women with AN. Negative feedback from low IGF-I levels has been hypothesized to cause increased GH secretion, and the relationship between ghrelin and GH secretion in AN has not been explored.Administration of a single dose of intravenous ghrelin causes an increase in GH secretion in both rodent models (51, 66) and healthy adults (4, 50, 52). Howe...

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Characterization of leptin pulse dynamics and relationship to fat mass, growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin

Cited by 44 publications

References 43 publications

Sex Differences in the Relationships Among Weight Gain, Subcutaneous Skinfold Tissue and Saltatory Length Growth Spurts in Infancy

Sex Differences in the Relationships Among Weight Gain, Subcutaneous Skinfold Tissue and Saltatory Length Growth Spurts in Infancy

Action of IGF-I on Expression of the Long Form of the Leptin Receptor (ObRb) in the Prepubertal Period and Throughout the Estrous Cycle in the Mature Pig Ovary

Secretory dynamics of ghrelin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents

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