“…Within the stir zone, the abnormal microstructural coarsening typically initiates either at the upper weld surface or at the weld root [4,8,9,15,17,[19][20][21][25][26][27]31,[34][35][36]38,40,41,43,45,48,52,53]. Also, the grain growth at the advancing side (AS) is often more pronounced than that at the retreating side (RS) [8,25,27,30,36,38,43,48,52].…”