Characterization of Mumps Viruses Circulating in Mongolia: Identification of a Novel Cluster of Genotype H

Abstract

Although mumps virus is still causing annual epidemics in Mongolia, very few epidemiological and virological data have been reported. We describe here the first phylogenetic analysis data on the mumps viruses circulated in Mongolia in 2009. We detected 21 mumps virus cDNAs and obtained a virus isolate from 32 throat swabs of mumps patients in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The phylogenetic analyses based on the 316 nucleotides of the small hydrophobic gene show that these sequences form a single cluster, with the closest relatedness to the viruses belonging to genotype H. According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, Mongolian mumps viruses could be classified into a novel genotype because the divergence between new sequences and genotype H reference viruses is >5% (6.3 to 8.2%). However, additional analyses based on the fusion gene, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene, and the whole-genome indicate that the divergences between the Mongolian isolate and other genotype H strains never exceed the within-genotype divergences of other genotypes. These results suggest that Mongolia strains should be included in genotype H and that the current criteria for mumps virus genotyping should be revised. We propose here that the Mongolian viruses should be classified as a new subgenotype termed H3. Since previous epidemiological studies suggested that genotypes H may be associated with central nervous system diseases, we evaluated the neurovirulence of the Mongolian isolate in the neonatal rat system. However, the virus does not exhibit prominent neurovirulence in rats.

Virological Analysis of a Regional Mumps Outbreak in the Northern Island of Japan—Mumps Virus Genotyping and Clinical Description

“…None of the samples from the 3 vaccinated patients were successfully analyzed due to amplification failure. Nonetheless, our success rate was comparable with that of previous reports (9,10).…”

“…Eight proteins, the nucleocapsid (N), V, phospho (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), small hydrophobic (SH), hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and large (L) proteins, are coded by 7 genes. The SH gene sequence is highly variable and is, therefore, used for MuV genotyping (7)(8)(9).…”

The association between the incidence of mumps and meteorological parameters in Taiwan

“…Serum specimens were tested for mumps IgM and/or IgG using a commercially available capture IgM and/ or IgG EIA kit (Denka Seiken Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 38 The definition of a probable case of mumps was a patient who was ill with an acute onset of unilateral or bilateral tenderness and self-limited swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands that lasted for at least 2 days, without other apparent causes. 28 A confirmed case was defined as a patient who had a positive laboratory test (presence of IgM antibodies and/or a fold4-increase in IgG antibodies) or who had the clinical features of mumps.…”

Comparison of the live attenuated mumps vaccine (Miyahara strain) with its preattenuated parental strain

“…The functions of V and SH are less well understood [2][3][4][5]. The SH gene sequence is variable and is therefore used as the basis of MuV genotyping [6][7][8].…”