Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Arjonilla, Paz; Domínguez‐Vidal, Ana; Correa‐Gómez, Elena; Rubio-Domene, Ramón; Lluveras‐Tenorio, Anna; Ayora‐Cañada, María José; Colombini, Maria Perla

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.036

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Thus, a broad band centred at 3310 cm ‐1 due to NH stretching vibrations (Amide A), Amide I (mainly associated with the stretching vibrations of the C═O bond) at 1,654 cm −1 , and Amide II (primarily involving bending vibrations of the N─H bond) at 1,533 cm −1 were clearly identified . These findings are in agreement with the results obtained using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) which revealed the use of animal glue as the main binder . Here, the use of vibrational spectroscopy has allowed for the identification of the type of binder in a very fast way and without any sample treatment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopies reveal medieval Hispano–Muslim wood painting techniques and provide new insights into red lead production technology

Arjonilla

Domínguez‐Vidal

Correa‐Gómez³

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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This paper describes the study of two Nasrid polychrome wooden ceilings from the Alhambra monumental ensemble using vibrational spectroscopic techniques. The study is focused on the identification of the constituent materials and execution techniques used employing non‐invasive and non‐destructive scientific investigation methods. Information about both inorganic (pigments) and organic (binders and coatings) materials has been obtained without the need for time‐consuming procedures. A complex stratigraphy involving the use of a protective priming layer of red lead covered with animal glue and white lead was revealed. The identification of Raman signatures of different lead oxide compounds, including lead‐tin oxide (Pb2SnO4), in the priming layer, allowed us to hypothesize the synthesis of red lead (Pb3O4) from litharge (α‐PbO), a common by‐product of the cupellation process used since antiquity for silver production. Furthermore, the pigments employed in hidden drawings found in the reverse of the wood pieces of one of the ceilings were also studied and compared with those found in the visible external face.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopies reveal medieval Hispano–Muslim wood painting techniques and provide new insights into red lead production technology

Arjonilla

Domínguez‐Vidal

Correa‐Gómez³

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…The test results show that the sizing materials in the three pigments all contained Hyp, that is, hydroxyproline. Hydroxyproline is unique amino acid of animal collagen [19,20], which confirms that the sizing material in the pigment was animal glue. Therefore, it was determined that carbon black, cinnabar mixed with a small amount of red lead, ultramarine, and ultramarine mixed with Paris green were the main pigments, with animal glue as a sizing agent.…”

Section: Binding Mediamentioning

confidence: 58%

Multi-Analytical Research on the Caisson Painting of Dayu Temple in Hancheng, Shaanxi, China

Mai

et al. 2021

Coatings

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In this research, the caisson painting of Dayu Temple in Hancheng, Shaanxi, China, was analyzed via a multi-analytical methodology, using a pH meter, an ultra-depth-of-field optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a micro-confocal laser Raman spectrometer, a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). With the corroborative evidence derived from the above analyses, it could be determined that the caisson painting of Dayu Temple was painted on bamboo paper and attached to hemlock wood substrate of the Pinaceae Tsuga genus using starch paste, with common colorants such as carbon black, cinnabar mixed with a small amount of red lead, ultramarine, and ultramarine mixed with Paris green, with animal glue having been adopted as a sizing agent. These results provide important scientific data for the production craft of precious caisson paintings, contributing to the revelation of their historic, artistic, and scientific value, and should enable conservators to make informed decisions in restoration.

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“…In Nasrid art, the finishing layer of the plasterwork acts as the preparation layer for the polychromy. This delicate finishing layer is composed of very pure gypsum probably mixed with organic additives . An example of these differences is shown in Figure .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Romantic restorations in the Alhambra monument: Spectroscopic characterization of decorative plasterwork in the Royal Baths of Comares

Arjonilla

Ayora‐Cañada

Domene³

et al. 2018

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The polychrome plasterwork decorations of the Room of the Beds in the Royal Bath of Comares of the Alhambra monumental ensemble have been studied using Raman microspectroscopy and complementary techniques. This area keeps the testimony of the controversial restorations carried out in the 19th century in an attempt to imitate the lost original appearance of the authentic Nasrid plasterwork. Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence have been employed to identify the pigments and extenders. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy has been used to gain additional information about the morphology of the painting layers. Additionally, infrared microspectroscopy provided insight into the nature of the organic materials employed as binders. Vermillion, synthetic ultramarine blue, hematite, and carbon black were clearly identified in red, blue, brown, and black decorations by Raman spectroscopy. Green decorations were executed with a copper-arsenic pigment that could not be unambiguously identified although the presence of Raman bands typical of arsenate stretching bands could point to alteration processes of copper arsenite pigments. Regarding the execution technique, the pictorial layer was applied over a preparation layer of white lead that also contained barite using a proteinaceous binder.The presence of anglesite and other phases related to hydrocerussite alteration due to humidity and salts was also evidenced. Finally, a comparison of the materials found in this redecoration with those identified in original Nasrid decorations has been performed, revealing noticeable differences in both the materials and the execution technologies.

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Characterization of organic materials in the decoration of ornamental structures in the Alhambra monumental ensemble using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopies reveal medieval Hispano–Muslim wood painting techniques and provide new insights into red lead production technology

Raman and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopies reveal medieval Hispano–Muslim wood painting techniques and provide new insights into red lead production technology

Multi-Analytical Research on the Caisson Painting of Dayu Temple in Hancheng, Shaanxi, China

Romantic restorations in the Alhambra monument: Spectroscopic characterization of decorative plasterwork in the Royal Baths of Comares

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