Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta)

Monfils, Anna; Triemer, Richard E.; Bellairs, E.

doi:10.2216/09-112.1

Cited by 63 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In fact, E. gracilis has a kind of white granule called paramylon in its cytoplasm, which is the storage of starch, a form of carbohydrate as a kind of energy reserve. Euglena paramylon was also reported by other researchers (Monfils et al, 2011). The main point is it was mentioned by Alric (2010) that without the participation of respiration, NADPH can also be produced by starch breakdown and glycolysis in green algae, which might also be a possible metabolic pathway in Euglena.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Wang

Hao

et al. 2014

Advances in Space Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

Wang

Hao

et al. 2014

Advances in Space Research

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“…The granules of paramylon (or paramylum) are membrane bound and are composed of linear β-(1→3) glucan repeating units ( Table 2). Its chemical structure is similar to that of laminarin but does not form β-(1→6) branches (Barsanti et al, 2011;Monfils et al, 2011).…”

Section: Food Reservesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

2016

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The production of fuels from biomass is categorized as first-, second-, or thirdgeneration depending upon the source of raw materials, either food crops, lignocellulosic material, or algal biomass, respectively. Thus far, the emphasis has been on using food crops creating several environmental problems. To overcome these problems, there is a shift toward bioenergy production from non-food sources. Algae, which store high amounts of carbohydrates, are a potential producer of raw materials for sustainable production of bioethanol. Algae store their carbohydrates in the form of food storage sugars and structural material. In general, algal food storage polysaccharides are composed of glucose subunits; however, they vary in the glycosidic bond that links the glucose molecules. In starch-type polysaccharides (starch, floridean starch, and glycogen), the glucose subunits are linked together by α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. Laminarin-type polysaccharides (laminarin, chrysolaminarin, and paramylon) are made of glucose subunits that are linked together by β-(1→3) and β-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. In contrast to food storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides vary in composition and glycosidic bond. The industrial production of bioethanol from algae requires efficient hydrolysis and fermentation of different algal sugars. However, the hydrolysis of algal polysaccharides employs more enzymatic mixes in comparison to terrestrial plants. Similarly, algal fermentable sugars display more diversity than plants, and therefore more metabolic pathways are required to produce ethanol from these sugars. In general, the fermentation of glucose, galactose, and glucose isomers is carried out by wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. In these strains, glucose enters glycolysis, where is it converted to pyruvate through either Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Other monosaccharides must be converted to fermentable sugars before entering glycolysis. In contrast, microbial wild-type strains are not capable of producing ethanol from alginate, and therefore the production of bioethanol from alginate was achieved by using genetically engineered microbial strains, which can simultaneously hydrolyze and ferment alginate to ethanol. In this review, we emphasize the enzymatic hydrolysis processes of different algal polysaccharides. Additionally, we highlight the major metabolic pathways that are employed to ferment different algal monosaccharides to ethanol.

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“…Small paramylon grains are observed in all euglenoid cells. In addition to these ubiquitous small grains, many phototrophic species produce a larger type of paramylon grains (Monfils et al 2011). The presence of small and large grains is referred to as "dimorphic" in contrast to "monomorphic" when only small grains are present in the cell.…”

Section: Paramylonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Origin of Euglena

Zakryś

Milanowski

Karnkowska

2017

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Euglenids (Excavata, Discoba, Euglenozoa, Euglenida) is a group of free-living, single-celled flagellates living in the aquatic environments. The uniting and unique morphological feature of euglenids is the presence of a cell covering called the pellicle. The morphology and organization of the pellicle correlate well with the mode of nutrition and cell movement. Euglenids exhibit diverse modes of nutrition, including phagotrophy and photosynthesis. Photosynthetic species (Euglenophyceae) constitute a single subclade within euglenids. Their plastids embedded by three membranes arose as the result of a secondary endosymbiosis between phagotrophic eukaryovorous euglenid and the Pyramimonas-related green alga. Within photosynthetic euglenids three evolutionary lineages can be distinguished. The most basal lineage is formed by one mixotrophic species, Rapaza viridis. Other photosynthetic euglenids are split into two groups: predominantly marine Eutreptiales and freshwater Euglenales. Euglenales are divided into two families: Phacaceae, comprising three monophyletic genera (Discoplastis, Lepocinclis, Phacus) and Euglenaceae with seven monophyletic genera (Euglenaformis, Euglenaria, Colacium, Cryptoglena, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas, Monomorphina) and polyphyletic genus Euglena. For 150 years researchers have been studying Euglena based solely on morphological features what resulted in hundreds of descriptions of new taxa and many artificial intra-generic classification systems. In spite of the progress towards defining Euglena, it still remains polyphyletic and morphologically almost undistinguishable from members of the recently described genus Euglenaria; members of both genera have cells undergoing metaboly (dynamic changes in cell shape), large chloroplasts with pyrenoids and monomorphic paramylon grains. Model organisms Euglena gracilis Klebs, the species of choice for addressing fundamental questions in eukaryotic biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, is a representative of the genus Euglena.

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Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta)

Cited by 63 publications

References 18 publications

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

O2 evolution and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in long-term ground batch culture of Euglena gracilis

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

Evolutionary Origin of Euglena

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