Characterization Of Proton-Exchanged Optical Waveguides In Z-Cut LiNbO 3 Using Pyrophosphoric Acid

Abstract

Mode index measurements of optical slab waveguides fabricated by proton -exchange with pyrophosphoric acid in z -cut LiNbO3 have been made. The index profile is approximately a step with an index increase of .131 at T = 200°C. In addition to establishing formulae for the effective diffusion constant (De) and guide depth (d) for a given diffusion temperature and time, an investigation of the often neglected anisotropic nature of these waveguides is presented.