Characterization of Rare Earth Elements in Tailing of  Ex-Tin Mining Sands from Singkep Island, Indonesia

Hamzah, Yanuar; Mardhiansyah, M.; Firdaus, Liong Nyuk

doi:10.13170/aijst.7.2.8622

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Monasit, zirkon, senotim, garnet, dan ilmenit adalah mineralmineral pembawa unsur tanah jarang (UTJ) yang ditemukan pada beberapa lokasi pembuangan tailing timah (Ali, 2014;Jonglertjunya, Rattanaphan dan Tipsak, 2014;Hamzah, Mardhiansyah dan Firdaus, 2018;Annisa Ummaradiah, Yusuf dan Mukiat, 2020). Mineral-mineral tersebut berharga lebih mahal daripada timah karena penggunaannya yang sangat luas dalam teknologi modern seperti mobil listrik, telepon genggam, radar, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), katalis, dan komputer.…”

Section: Peluang Pada Masa Mendatangunclassified

Penambangan timah di Indonesia: Sejarah, masa kini, dan prospeksi

Irzon

2021

JTMB

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Indonesia telah menjadi penghasil timah besar dunia sejak awal abad ke-20. Sumberdaya tersebut berasosiasi dengan Sabuk Timah Asia Tenggara yang membentang melalui Sumatra, kepulauan di timur Sumatra, dan bagian barat Kalimantan. Penambangan timah telah banyak menghasilkan devisa negara namun juga dapat merusak lingkungan jika tidak direncanakan dan dikelola dengan baik. Tulisan ini membahas penambangan logam timah di Indonesia pada masa lalu, keadaan terkini, dan peluangnya pada masa mendatang agar menjadi salah satu referensi untuk pembuatan kebijakan strategis bagi pemerintah maupun perusahaan penambangan timah. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif yaitu pengungkapan peristiwa penambangan timah dengan menjabarkan keadaannya berdasarkan fakta yang ada. Hindia Belanda termasuk ke dalam negara pencetus International Tin Agreement (ITA) hingga pembentukan International Tin Council (ITC) untuk menstabilkan harga timah. Namun demikian, kegagalan ITA ke-6, ledakan hutang ITC, dan penggunaan bahan substitusi diprediksi sebagai penyebab utama kemerosotan harga timah pada pertengahan 1980-an. PT Timah Tbk sebagai penggabungan tiga perusahaan timah bentukan Hindia Belanda dapat terus menjadi tiga besar perusahaan penambangan timah dunia selama satu dekade terakhir dengan strategi pengalihan konsentrasi eksploitasi dari darat ke laut dan proses daur ulang. Besaran pendapatan dari penambangan timah saat ini terutama dipengaruhi oleh jumlah produksi, harga pasar, nilai tukar dolar, dan hubungan bilateral IndonesiaCina. Meskipun harga timah kembali jatuh akibat wabah Covid-19 sejak awal tahun 2020, logam ini diperkirakan masih mejadi komoditas penting pada masa mendatang dengan proyeksi harga yang semakin meningkat. Pengolahan mineral ikutan timah merupakan sumber pendapatan prospektif berikutnya selain juga untuk memperkecil dampak lingkungan akibat kegiatan pertambangan.

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Section: Peluang Pada Masa Mendatangunclassified

Penambangan timah di Indonesia: Sejarah, masa kini, dan prospeksi

Irzon

2021

JTMB

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“…Tin ore produced from the exploitation process is increased in tin content to 70% by the shaking table method or jig installation (Handini, 2020;Hutahaean and Yudoko, 2013). From this process, by-products will be produced such as monazite, ilmenite, and zircon which have high concentrations of radionuclides and are of economic value (Hamzah et al, 2018). In addition, the final tin slag which has a high concentration of radionuclides containing Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 will also be produced but is no longer economically valuable.…”

Section: Concentration Of Radionuclidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The activities of tin industry in Bangka Island have led to an increase in the concentration of radionuclides in the environment in the form of Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) which is found in tailings, slags, by-products, and by-product industry waste (Husain and Sakhnini, 2017). These wastes contain NORM, i.e., Ra-226 (Uranium series), Th-232 (Thorium series), and K-40 (Hamzah et al, 2018;Ibeanu et al, 2013). Based on the secondary data from Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency of Indonesia (BAPETEN), the amount of tin slag that contains TENORM from tin industry in Bangka Island is approximately 43,800,000 kg (Iskandar et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiological Impact Assessment of Class 3 Landfill of TENORM Waste from Tin Industry in Bangka Island

Anggraini¹,

Setiawan²,

Shadrina³

et al. 2021

Environ. Nat. Resour. J.

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This study assessed the potential radiological impact of a class 3 landfill as a disposal facility of the final tin slag from the tin industry in Bangka Island. Tin slag that contains TENORM (Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) with activity concentrations above exemption level limits should be stored safely and securely. The radiological impact analysis of storing TENORM waste was carried out before and after the construction of a landfill facility. RESRAD OFFSITE version 3.2 software was used to simulate dose and cancer risk, and analyze the contribution of exposure pathways. Radionuclide concentration, landfill facility specifications, hydrogeological data, climatological data, and food and water consumption data were used as input parameters of RESRAD. The receptor was a resident farmer who lives 100 meters from the facility, grows his own food, and consumes water from his land. The total dose before and after the construction of the landfill were 3.13 mSv/year and 1.84×10-2 mSv/year while cancer risks were 5.69×10-3 and 6.50×10-5, respectively. The exposure pathways from inhalation of radon become a major contributor to dose acceptance and cancer risk. Based on these results, the landfill facility is effective in reducing the potential impact of radiological hazards from dose acceptance and cancer risk.

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“…This tailing waste contains several important elements that are useful for advanced technology and can potentially be extracted from mining waste treatment. Some of these elements are "heavy rare earth elements" (HREEs) (Harjanto et al, 2013, Hamzah et al, 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) from Indonesian Zircon Tailing

Trisnawati¹,

Prameswara²,

Mulyono³

et al. 2020

IJTech

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Solid pollution has been an issue in mineral processing for decade. One of these pollutants is zircon sand mining waste (zircon tailing). Due to the concentration of rare earth minerals in zircon tailing and the increasing demand of REE in advanced technologies, studying zircon tailing as a potential source of REE had become an interest for us. Our experiments consisted of mineral characterization and an alkaline fusion process, followed by a leaching process. The characterization process was carried out to obtain actual information from zircon tailing samples. This process showed total rare earth elements (REEs) content of 58.62%, at 9%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.7%, and 1.5% for Y, Gd, Er, Dy, and Yb, respectively. A sieving process was carried out since it was known that most heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) content occurs at a larger size. The alkaline fusion process was applied with an intent to break the phosphate bonds present in the REE-carrying minerals (xenotime and monazite) and convert phosphate bonds to hydroxide bonds in rare earth metals. During the alkaline fusion process, as much as 75%, 66.45%, and 60% of the phosphate, silica, and zirconium, respectively, were reduced. The leaching process was carried out in a flatbottom three-neck flask. The optimum point of leaching experiments occurs at 0.5 M H2SO4, 60°C, and a solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratio of 10 g/100 mL. In these conditions, as much as 89%, 99%, 94%, 92%, and 90% of Y, Gd, Er, Dy, and Yb, respectively, were recovered as an HREEs2-(SO4)3 product solution.

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Characterization of Rare Earth Elements in Tailing of Ex-Tin Mining Sands from Singkep Island, Indonesia

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Penambangan timah di Indonesia: Sejarah, masa kini, dan prospeksi

Penambangan timah di Indonesia: Sejarah, masa kini, dan prospeksi

Radiological Impact Assessment of Class 3 Landfill of TENORM Waste from Tin Industry in Bangka Island

Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREEs) from Indonesian Zircon Tailing

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