Characterizing the relationship between incarceration and structural risks among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a nationwide biobehavioral surveillance survey

Karamouzian, Mohammad; Shokoohi, Mostafa; Kaplan, Rachel; Noroozi, Alireza; Sharifi, Hamid; Baral, Stefan; Mirzazadeh, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.04.011

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Similarly, literature endorses a strong correlation between arrest or incarceration history and increased levels of sexual violence experienced by FSWs ( Deering et al, 2013 ). Incarceration is a direct indicator of criminalization of FSWs ( Deering et al, 2014 ) and has been linked with substantial vulnerabilities that could place FSWs at higher risk for sexual violence ( Deering et al, 2013 ; Karamouzian, Shokoohi et al, 2019 ). Fear of police and incarceration has been shown to displace FSWs to more isolated settings where they might be at higher risk of violence ( Shannon et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Female Sex Workers in Iran: Results from a National HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey

Hosseini‐Hooshyar

Mirzazadeh

Karamouzian

et al. 2021

Violence Against Women

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Sexual violence increases the risk of adverse health outcomes among female sex workers (FSWs). Using data from the 2015 national bio-behavioral survey, we explored the experience of sexual violence and its associated factors among Iranian FSWs. Lifetime and recent sexual violence were reported by 40.1% and 16.9%, respectively. History of substance use, ever engaging in anal sex, engaging in group sex within the last year, a high number of clients, recent unstable housing, and incarceration increased the likelihood of experiencing recent sexual violence. These findings underscore the need for community-empowerment and policy-level interventions to address violence among FSWs in Iran.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Female Sex Workers in Iran: Results from a National HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey

Hosseini‐Hooshyar

Mirzazadeh

Karamouzian

et al. 2021

Violence Against Women

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“…This may be due to the establishment of HR programs inside Iran's prisons. Similar to several international settings, people who use drugs are overrepresented in prisons across Iran [27,28]. More than 50% of all Iranian prisoners are being held on drug-related offenses and 70% of them use illicit drugs [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid agonist therapy uptake among people who inject drugs: the findings of two consecutive bio-behavioral surveillance surveys in Iran

Nakhaeizadeh¹,

Abdolahinia²,

Sharifi³

et al. 2020

Harm Reduct J

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Background: Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) uptake has been associated with multiple positive health outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID). This study evaluated the pattern of OAT uptake among PWID in two consecutive national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (2010 and 2014) in Iran. Methods: Data were obtained from two national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (N 2010 = 1783 and N 2014 = 2166) implemented using convenience sampling at the harm reduction facilities and street venues in 10 geographically diverse urban centers across Iran. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to determine the correlates of OAT uptake for the 2014 survey, and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: The prevalence of OAT uptake decreased from 49.2% in 2010 to 45.8% in 2014 (P value = 0.033). OAT uptake varied across the studied cities ranging from 0.0 to 69.3% in the 2010 survey and 3.2 to 75.5% in the 2014 survey. Ever being married (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.12, 1.75), having a history of incarceration (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI 1.16, 2.09), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sero-positivity (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.08, 2.50) were associated with OAT uptake. Conversely, PWID who reported using only non-opioid drugs (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI 0.26, 0.71) and those who reported concurrent use of opioid and non-opioid drugs (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.51, 0.86) were less likely to uptake OAT. Conclusions: Although OAT uptake among PWID in Iran is above the 40% threshold defined by the World Health Organization, there remain significant disparities across urban settings in Iran. Importantly, the OAT services appear to be serving high-risk PWID including those living with HIV and those with a history of incarceration. Evaluating service integration including mental health, HIV and hepatitis C virus care, and other harm reduction services may support the optimization of health outcomes associated with OAT across Iran.

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“…This may be due to the establishment of harm reduction programs inside Iran's prisons. Similar to many parts of the world, people who use drugs are overrepresented in prisons across Iran [27,28]. More than 50% of all Iranian prisoners are being held on drug-related offenses and 70% of them use illicit drugs [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opioid agonist therapy uptake among people who inject drugs: The findings of two consecutive bio-behavioral surveillance surveys in Iran

Nakhaeizadeh

Abdolahiniya

Sharifi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Opioid agonist therapy (OAT) uptake has been associated with multiple positive health outcomes among people who inject drugs (PWID). This study evaluated the pattern of OAT uptake among PWID in two consecutive national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (2010 and 2014) in Iran.Methods Data were obtained from two national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (N2010 = 1,783 and N2014 = 2,166) implemented using convenience sampling at the harm reduction facilities and street venues in 10 geographically diverse urban centers across Iran. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to determine the correlates of OAT uptake for the 2014 survey and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.Results The prevalence of OAT uptake decreased from 49.2% in 2010 to 45.8% in 2014 (P-value = 0.033). OAT uptake varied across the studied cities ranging from 0.0%-69.3% in the 2010 survey and 3.2%-75.5% in the 2014 survey. Ever being married (AOR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.75), having a history of incarceration (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.16, 2.09), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sero-positivity (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.5) were associated with OAT uptake. Conversely, PWID who reported using only non-opioid drugs (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.71) and those who reported concurrent use of opioid and non-opioid drugs (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0. 0.51, 0.86) were less likely to uptake OAT. Conclusions Although OAT uptake among PWID in Iran is above the 40% threshold defined by the World Health Organization, there remains significant disparities across urban settings in Iran. Importantly, the OAT services appear to be serving high-risk PWID including those living with HIV and those with a history of incarceration. Evaluating service integration including mental health, HIV and hepatitis C virus care, and other harm reduction services may support the optimization of health outcomes of OAT across Iran.

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Characterizing the relationship between incarceration and structural risks among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a nationwide biobehavioral surveillance survey

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Female Sex Workers in Iran: Results from a National HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey

Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Violence Experienced by Female Sex Workers in Iran: Results from a National HIV Bio-Behavioral Surveillance Survey

Opioid agonist therapy uptake among people who inject drugs: the findings of two consecutive bio-behavioral surveillance surveys in Iran

Opioid agonist therapy uptake among people who inject drugs: The findings of two consecutive bio-behavioral surveillance surveys in Iran

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