“…As a result, after triggered by instantaneous stimuli, motile plant structures exhibit fast mechanical movements in a few seconds or less 9 . By mimicking dynamic architectures in nature, a shape-morphing system 10 , 11 incorporated with smart materials has emerged to create on-demand 3D microstructures 12 , 13 , e.g., microrobots 14 , 15 , metamaterials 16 , 17 , 4D printing technology 18 , 19 and reconfigurable electronics 20 , 21 . However, like tropistic motion, all of the shape movements in these systems developed so far rely exclusively on external stimuli, and result in a slow response compared to the nastic model.…”