Charge Separation Mechanisms in Clouds

Saunders, C. P. R.

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87664-1_22

Cited by 92 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The equivalent electrical relaxation time is found from 0 =r t , where 0 is the permittivity of free space rebounding from riming graupel 12 in the presence of super-cooled water is a requirement of the charge transfer process''. This observation is consistent with laboratory measurements of Saunders (2008) that during collision essentially ''fast growing ice surfaces charge positively, and conversely, sublimating (graupel) surfaces charge negatively''. However, further dependencies on growth velocities, etc.…”

Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminosupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The dominant charging mechanism is thought to occur when graupel and ice particles collide. Saunders (2008) reviews the evidence from Krehbiel's (1986) cloud measurements in 1986 ''that ice crystals Rycroft et al (2007). The dashed line indicates the change of conductivity due to thunderclouds.…”

Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminomentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In the first stage, macroscopic particles are electrically charged, and in the second stage particles of different polarity are separated by gravitation or other (mechanical) forces; in order to separate particles with different polarities, these forces need to be stronger than the electric attraction between charges of different polarity, since otherwise the electric forces would counteract the growth of the electric field. The possible charging mechanisms at work within normal terrestrial thunderclouds are reviewed, e.g., by Jayaratne et al (1983) and Saunders (2008). An important conclusion of these reviews is that charge is efficiently separated between particles only in direct collisions.…”

Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

et al. 2016

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Detailed observations of the solar system planets reveal a wide variety of local atmospheric conditions. Astronomical observations have revealed a variety of extrasolar planets none of which resembles any of the solar system planets in full. Instead, the most massive amongst the extrasolar planets, the gas giants, appear very similar to the class of (young) brown dwarfs which are amongst the oldest objects in the Universe. Despite this diversity, solar system planets, extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs have broadly similar global temperatures between 300 and 2500 K. In consequence, clouds of different chemical species form in their atmospheres. While the details of these clouds differ, the fundamental physical processes are the same. Further to this, all these objects were observed to produce radio and X-ray emissions. While both kinds of radiation are well studied on Earth and to a lesser extent on the solar system planets, the occurrence of emissions that potentially originate from accelerated electrons on brown dwarfs, extrasolar planets and protoplanetary disks is not well understood yet. This paper offers an interdisciplinary view on electrification processes and their feedback on their hosting environment in meteorology, volcanology, planetology and research on extrasolar planets and planet formation.

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Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminosupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminomentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Thundercloud Electrification Lightning and Transient Luminomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

et al. 2016

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“…Throughout scientific history, there have been many theories explaining how thunderstorms electrify or how the charges are separated into the observed charge regions. Investigating literature sources revealed the dominance of one theory called the Relative Diffusional Growth Rate Theory (Saunders 2008). The theory involves the collision and separation of ice and graupel particles to form charge regions inside of a thunderstorm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Relative Diffusional Growth Rate Theory indicates charge is transferred between particles when they collide (Saunders 2008). The charge transferred depends on the growth rate of the ice and graupel particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thunderstorm Electrification

Bradshaw

2016

Proc. Wisc. Space Conf.

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Understanding how thunderstorms work is important as it can help assess risks associated with electrical activity in thunderstorms and other phenomena of a somewhat similar nature such as volcanic eruptions, heavy snowstorms, and large hurricanes. We started with a review of the scientific literature in order to grasp the current knowledge and understanding of electrification processes in thunderstorms. We then investigated what types of observations could be made using CAERENet (Carthage Atmospheric Electricity Research and Education Network) electric field mills. We also built mathematical models of electric charge, current, and electric field using Python. A comparison between computer model/simulations and electric field mill observed data would be used to better understand electrification processes in naturally occurring thunderstorms.

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On the interaction of Tropical Cyclone Flossie and emissions from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano

Pattantyus

2014

Geophys. Res. Lett.

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Charge Separation Mechanisms in Clouds

Cited by 92 publications

References 43 publications

Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

Atmospheric Electrification in Dusty, Reactive Gases in the Solar System and Beyond

Thunderstorm Electrification

On the interaction of Tropical Cyclone Flossie and emissions from Hawaii's Kilauea volcano

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