Charging Stations for Large-Scale Deployment of Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The large-scale adoption of electric vehicles will require a charging infrastructure that meets the new needs that will arise. Currently, the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is still in the early stages of development, not least because of the low number of electric vehicles in use. However, there are still many questions to be answered when it comes to standardization in terms of connectors, DC or AC charging, and power, as well as both operational and economic issues. Although this topic has been the subject of numerous studies over the last ten years, there are still gaps to be filled, particularly with regard to the mix of different recharging strategies (normal, accelerated, fast, induction-track, etc.), as well as the economic and operational aspects. Moreover, the relationship between users and private cars is changing rapidly, and charging behaviors are not yet well established.

A Dual-Layer MPC of Coordinated Control of Battery Load Demand and Grid-Side Supply Matching at Electric Vehicle Swapping Stations

“…The swapping revenue at time t, R ev t is the service provider's revenue to swap batteries at time t. The sizes of the swapping revenues depend not only on the demand for swapping vehicles at time t, but also on the inventory of fully-charged batteries at time t, as shown in Equation (8).…”

“…Currently, the majority of electric vehicle charging in the United States occurs at home [7]. Real-world data from Ireland and Germany indicate that home charging is the preferred choice for electric vehicle users [8,9]. As the number of electric vehicles continues to rise globally, the unregulated charging of electric vehicles poses higher demands on the grid capacity.…”

Energy Modeling for Electric Vehicles Based on Real Driving Cycles: An Artificial Intelligence Approach for Microscale Analyses

“…The aim of that paper was to create an algorithm that intelligently controls charging power based on the current state of charge of the vehicle. There are also numerous similar studies, such as [12][13][14][15][16], which also investigate the impact of certain parameters on other selected parameters of electric vehicles, design charging networks, or specify their characteristics.…”