“…However, despite these advantages, challenges persist, particularly in the widespread adoption of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and electric aircraft. Issues such as fast charging and effective thermal management remain hurdles that need to be addressed for the broader integration of these technologies [4,5]. Recognizing the importance of overcoming these challenges, battery modeling becomes a crucial aspect of research, providing insights and solutions to enhance the performance and applicability of lithium-ion batteries in electric mobility applications.…”