Chemical and multi-scale material properties of recycled and blended asphalt binders

Towards artefact‐free AFM image presentation and interpretation

“…Hence interference lines frequently appear in adhesion maps, as seen in Refs. (4,25,28,(42)(43)(44)(45). Figure 7 shows our own height and adhesion maps, along with a schematic of the origin of the interference lines.…”

Aging Potential and its Impact on the Bonding Strength of Rubberized RAP Asphalt Binder

“…Hossain et al also ascertained an increase in the binder SFE by CR modification . Some studies emphasized that the adhesion force measured by AFM for VRAPBs decreases greatly by increasing the RAP binder dosage. , However, others showed that the SFE of VRAPBs starts to increase by elevating the RAP binder dosage by over 40%. , …”

“…13−16 rheological characteristics of RAP binder mixed with a virgin binder (VRAPB), and they revealed that fatigue life and creep compliance significantly decrease while the rutting factor increases by elevating the RAP binder dosage. 17 However, the binder behavior significantly changes by mixing the RAP binder with CRMB, where the binder performance does not show a consistent trend by changing the RAP binder or CR dosages. For example, the fatigue life and creep compliance decrease by increasing the RAP dosage up to 25%, while they increase by further accretion of RAP dosage.…”

“…24 Some studies emphasized that the adhesion force measured by AFM for VRAPBs decreases greatly by increasing the RAP binder dosage. 17,25 However, others showed that the SFE of VRAPBs starts to increase by elevating the RAP binder dosage by over 40%. 26,27 Mohamed et al revealed that the binder thickness of the CRRAPB over the aggregate increases by increasing the CR dosage, leading to a decreasing BBS.…”

“…The impacts of CR and RAP binder modifications on the rheological characteristics were also investigated. Multiple studies showed that CR-modified binder (CRMB) has a lower phase angle (δ), higher shear modulus ( G *), higher rutting factor ( G */sin­(δ)), lower creep stiffness, and lower nonrecoverable strain after multiple stress–strain recovery cycles (MSCR) than virgin binders. − Roja et al investigated the rheological characteristics of RAP binder mixed with a virgin binder (VRAPB), and they revealed that fatigue life and creep compliance significantly decrease while the rutting factor increases by elevating the RAP binder dosage . However, the binder behavior significantly changes by mixing the RAP binder with CRMB, where the binder performance does not show a consistent trend by changing the RAP binder or CR dosages.…”