Chemical characterization and anti‐breast cancer effects of silver nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera seed ethanolic extract on 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene‐induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in Sprague Dawley male rats

Abstract

The aim of the recent research was to investigate the anti‐breast cancer effects of silver nanoparticles using Phoenix dactylifera seed ethanolic extract (AgNPs). After preparation of Phoenix dactylifera seed extract, GC/MS was performed to detect the compounds. The findings indicated that 9‐Octadecenoic acid (Z)‐ methyl ester (40.95%) and Dodecanoic acid methyl ester (20%) were the most frequent constituents found in P. dactylifera. These nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 17‐19 nm and characterized using various analytical techniques including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy to determine the presence of AgNPs in the solution. We studied functional groups of P. dactylifera extract in the reduction and capping process of AgNPs by FT‐IR, crystallinity and FCC planes by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and surface morphology, shapes, and size of AgNPs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DPPH free radical scavenging test was used to test the antioxidant properties of P. dactylifera and AgNPs, which revealed high antioxidant potential similar to butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) as the positive control. The results of cytotoxicity analysis indicated that P. dactylifera and AgNPs were toxic for MCF‐7 cells. In vivo design, induction of breast cancer was done by 7,12‐Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) in 50 animals. After 10 days, the animals were randomly divided into six subgroups, including healthy control, untreated control, two groups receiving the P. dactylifera at 2 and 6 mg/kg and two groups receiving the AgNPs at 2 and 6 mg/kg concentrations. Both doses of P. dactylifera and AgNPs (especially AgNPs6) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the weight and volume of liver, mammary gland, kidney, spleen, ALP, AST, ALT, GGT, cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, total and conjugated bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose, ferrous, ferritin, erythropoietin, GR, IL1, IL6, IL12, IL18, IFNY, and TNFα and increased HDL, total protein, albumin, WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophils, platelet, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, SOD, CAT, GPx, IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNα compared to the untreated group. Moreover, P. dactylifera and AgNPs (especially AgNPs6) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) treated breast cancer with reduction of organs free of metastasis compared to the untreated group. Seemingly, the AgNPs can be used for the treatment of breast cancer.

Green synthesis and chemical characterization of gold nanoparticle synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic mouse model

“…Since the Islamic revolution, governmental, university, and religious leaders have encouraged the resurgence of traditional 'Iranian' and 'Islamic' medical practices most of which are neither Iranian nor Islamic and are an amalgam of ancient Greek and other retrogressive medical practices. [1] Of the 8100 plant species in Iran, approximately 2300 species are aromatic and medicinal and about 450 species are sold by herbal apothecaries without any controls as to their purity. Most of these plants are quite harmless and have a long history as ancient medicinal plants, but the multiple medicinal properties claimed for each have not been scientifically proven in evidence based clinical trials but merely extracted from ancient pharmacopeias.…”

“…Most of these plants are quite harmless and have a long history as ancient medicinal plants, but the multiple medicinal properties claimed for each have not been scientifically proven in evidence based clinical trials but merely extracted from ancient pharmacopeias. [1] In Iran, many modern drugs are extracted from natural resources, most of which are rooted in ancient medicine. Nowadays, due to problems associated with the use of modern medicine, there is a great tendency to replace it with traditional medicine and natural resources.…”

“…[2] It is assumed that many medicinal plants are useful for the treatment of several diseases such as leukemia. [1,2] One of these plants that have been highly important in ancient medicine is Camellia sinensis from Ericales order, Theaceae family, and Camellia genus. [3] C. sinensis is native to East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, but it is today cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions.…”

“…There are many methods for producing metallic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles including; a) Physical method, b) Chemical method, c) Biological method. [1] The physical or chemical methods of synthesis are time and energy consuming, expensive, and are non-eco-friendly. In biological nanoparticle synthesis, various microbes, enzymes, algae, and especially plants have been used and serve as a suitable alternative method to physical and chemical procedures with high remedial potentials.…”

“…In biological nanoparticle synthesis, various microbes, enzymes, algae, and especially plants have been used and serve as a suitable alternative method to physical and chemical procedures with high remedial potentials. [1] In recent years, researchers have tried to survey the therapeutic activities of gold nanoparticles using plants completely. In this regard, it has been revealed that gold nanoparticles had excellent antibacterial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia, antifungal potentials against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, and Candida guilliermondii, antioxidant properties against free radicals such as DPPH, and without any cytotoxicity activity on human normal cell line (HUVEC).…”