Chemical Composition and Androgenic Effect of Bee Drone Larvae (Apilarnil) for Goat Male Kids

Abstract

Present study aimed to establish the stimulatory effects of bee drone larvae (BDL) on the androgenic effects and growth performance of goat male kids (GMK). The effects of BDL on growth and testosterone hormone levels were investigated in Saanen male kids. A total of 26 Saanen male kids (13 heads control, 13 heads treatment groups) were used for determining the effects of BDL 60 days after the weaning period. BDL was obtained from “good beekeeping practices” hives. Hormone levels, growth trials, testes characteristics, and body measurements were determined every 14 days on the days 75, 90, 105, 120, and 135 of the trial. The increasing level of testosterone hormone in the treatment group on 135 days strengthened the hypothesis that the BDL could have greater effects in the case of more application that is expensive and considering the time of maturity of Saanen GMK. The lipid composition of BDL was identified by GC/MS. Oleic acid (64.75 %) and palmitic acid (26.08 %) were the dominant lipid compounds of BDL. Additionally, the phenolic/organic acid profile investigated by HPLC‐DAD revealed that trans‐aconitic acid (11.20±0.32 μg/g) and fumaric acid (5.03±0.41 μg/g) were found as major compounds in BDL.

Comprehensive Phytochemical Content by LC/MS/MS and Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma, Antiepilepsy, and Antioxidant Activity of Apilarnil (Drone Larvae)

“…It may also be that the LC/MS/MS technique analyzes lower concentrations than the HPLC-DAD technique. [52] In this study, the comprehensive phytochemical content and extensive biological activity of Apilarnil, which is lacking in the literature, were brought to the literature.…”

Exploring the Chemical Constituents and Nutritive Potential of Bee Drone (Apilarnil): Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties

“…It has many compounds that are biologically active, such as protein, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, steroids hormones, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids that humans and other animals can't make by themselves. [9][10][11][12] It can be obtained by homogenizing all freezedried whole combs with 7-day-old male bee larvae. The larvae, which weigh between 250 and 300 mg, are rich in essential substances and elements.…”

“…[7] Apilarnil also has biologically active substances that contribute to many pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, [13] neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, [14] anti-inflammatory and androgenic effects. [10,[14][15][16] According to the literature, apilarnil is very good at fighting oxidation because it has a lot of polyphenols. [17] It can help with male infertility.…”

“…Given that apilarnil has valuable nutritional properties and beneficial biological effects on health, chemical and biological studies are warranted. [9,21,24,25] Use chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques would enable the identification of the metabolites. To evaluate the chemical composition of apilarnil, liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS), and solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography (SPME/GC-MS) have all become more popular.…”

“…To evaluate the chemical composition of apilarnil, liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS), and solid phase micro-extraction coupled to gas chromatography (SPME/GC-MS) have all become more popular. [10,17,24,26] The objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth study of apilarnil's chemical composition. Advanced analytical techniques, including LC-MS/MS and SPME/GC-MS were employed.…”