Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts of Pinus eldarica Grown in Northwestern Iran

Abstract

Pinus eldarica (Pinaceae), an evergreen plant, is distributed across the warm and dry climates of western Asia, including Asia Minor, the Middle East, and land surrounding the Caspian Sea. Essential oils (EOs) from different aerial parts of this tree have been used in traditional medicine. We aimed to investigate the chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of the EO from P. eldarica grown in northwestern Iran. EO from the needles, bark, and pollen were extracted with boiling water using a Clevenger apparatus at yield of 0.7–1.2 cm3/100 g of dry plant material. The main chemical components of the EO from the needles were D-germacrene (18.17%), caryophyllene (15.42%), γ-terpinene (12.96%), and β-pinene (10.62%); those from the bark were limonene (16.99%), caryophyllene oxide (13.22%), and drimenol (13.2%); and those from the pollen were α-pinene (25.64%) and limonene (19.94%). In total, 83 constituents were characterized in the EOs, using gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis; mainly, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in needle EO and monoterpene hydrocarbons in pollen and bark EOs. β-Pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, and caryophyllene were identified in the EOs from all three plant parts. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the EOs were examined: pollen EO exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli; bark EO inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus; and the needle EO inhibited the growth of S. aureus. Thus, the EOs from aerial parts of P. eldarica can benefit the EO industry and antibiotic development.

Multifunctional Hydroxyapatite Coated with Arthemisia absinthium Composites

“…Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity presented by the WW and HApWW samples is strongly correlated with the presence of the major constituents α-Fenchene, Sabinene, β-Thujene, β-myrcene and methyl salicylate, which were reported to possess good antimicrobial activity against microbial strains such as E. coli, B. subtillis, P. aeruginosa, S. cerevisiae and C. albicans [57]. Moreover, the studies reported by Ghaffari et al [58] regarding EOs having most abundant chemical constituents β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene, and caryophyllene also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against some highly susceptible strains such as E. coli, C. albicans, and S. aureus. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the investigated samples could also be attributed to the less abundant constituents of the WW EO such as 1,8-Cineole, γ-Terpinene and β-Pinene which were previously reported as having antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbial strains [59,60].…”

Isolation and Characterization of a New Endophytic Actinobacterium Streptomyces californicus Strain ADR1 as a Promising Source of Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Biofilm and Antioxidant Metabolites

“…The first compound, detected at RT 11.945 min, showed SI of 88 with Methanoazulen-9-ol, decahydro-2, 2, 4, 8-tetramethyl-stereoisomer, which belonged to the class sesquiterpene and possessed antibacterial as well as antioxidant properties [73]. This compound was earlier reported as a major component of plant essential oils [74,75] but there are no reports on this from microbial sources as yet. Another compound in ADR1 metabolite extract was detected at RT 14.519 min, which showed SI of 90 with 5-z-methyl-2-z-hydroxycarbonyl-5-e-ethenyl-4-z-propen-2-ylcyclohexanone, was a terpenoid having structure similar to Asperaculane B, a known GABA-transaminase inhibitor having significance in epilepsy treatment [76].…”

Inhibitory Potential of Acroptilon repens against Key Enzymes involved in Alzheimer and Diabetes, Phytochemical Profile, Radical Scavenging, and Antibacterial Activity

“…J. 25 (1): [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Meanwhile, it would be interesting to identify the key compounds contributing to these activities to accurately evaluate the influence of different solvents on the extraction of phenolic constituents and the association between their compositions and the resulting activities. Taken together, A. repens extracts have been found to be a promising antioxidant-rich therapeutic component with antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory features for the food and pharmaceutical industry.…”

“…J. 25 (1): [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Synthetic antioxidants such as, tertiary butyl hydroquinone, BHA, and butylated hydroxyltoluene are widely used in food industry [5] . Long-term consumption of synthetic antioxidants, however, is always accompanied with various risks for health [6] .…”