Chemical Modifications on Polystyrene Latex: Preparation and Characterization for Use in Immunological Applications

Covolan, Vera L.; Mei, Lucía Helena Innocentini; Rossi, Claudio

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1581(199701)8:1<44::aid-pat613>3.0.co;2-1

Cited by 62 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[1][2][3] Among these applications, coating materials and spacers in PDP and LCD displays in particular need nano-sized polymer spheres with narrow distributions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Size and Distribution for Nano-sized Polystyrene Spheres

Yun¹,

Lee²,

Jang³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Highly monodisperse polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were fabricated by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in water using styrene, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl propionamidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The size and distribution of the PS nanospheres were systematically investigated in terms of initiator concentration, stabilizer concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and reactant concentration. With increasing AIBA initiator concentration, PS particle sizes are raised proportionally, and can be controlled from 120 to 380 nm. Particle sizes were reduced with increasing PVP concentration. This decrease occurs because a high PVP concentration leads to a large number of primary nuclei in the early stage of polymerization. When the reaction temperature increased, the sizes of the PS particles decrease slightly. The particles grew quickly during the initial reaction stage (1-3 h) and the growth rate became steady-state after 6 h. The PS sizes approximately doubled when the reactant (styrene, PVP, azo-initiator) concentrations were increased by a factor of eight.

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“…[1][2][3] Among these applications, coating materials and spacers in PDP and LCD displays in particular need nano-sized polymer spheres with narrow distributions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Size and Distribution for Nano-sized Polystyrene Spheres

Yun¹,

Lee²,

Jang³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…1 Nowadays, such polymer particles have broadened their applications to more advanced fields such as information technology, electric and electronic science, and biotechnology including biochemicals and biomedicals. [2][3][4][5][6] In accord with the explosive expansion of their applications, precise control of the properties of the polymer colloids has become more important. Their size, uniformity of size, functionality of the base polymer, morphology of the polymer beads, and the degree of crosslinking are the main concerns in controlling properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally robust highly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinyl benzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization

et al. 2004

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We prepared thermally robust fully crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinyl benzene) [poly(MMAco-DVB)] microspheres successfully by precipitation polymerization in the absence of a stabilizing agent. The DVB concentration plays a pivotal role not only in the formation of the individually stable microspheres but also in the polymerization characteristics, including the particle size, the uniformity of size, the polymerization yield, and the thermal properties. The number-average diameter of the microspheres increased linearly, from 0.72 to 2.15 μm, and the particle size distribution became narrower, by elevating the uniformity from 1.35 to 1.12, as the DVB concentration increased from 20 to 75 mol%. In addition, the yield of the polymerization increased, from 73.4 to 98.6%, as the DVB concentration increased. Since the prepared particles possess fully crosslinked microstructures, no glass transition temperatures were observed, but all the samples prepared with DVB concentrations ranging from 20 to 75 mol% possess enhanced thermal properties. Based on the DSC and TGA data, the thermal stability of the microspheres prepared by the precipitation polymerization is significantly improved as a result of crosslinking with DVB.

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“…As polymeric microspheres have been used in wider fields of conventional 1 and more sophisticated [2][3][4][5][6] areas, the development of a new process to prepare such materials has received much attention. Polymer microspheres of a particular size and uniformity are generally obtained with one of the heterogeneous polymerizations, including suspension, emulsion, dispersion, seeded, and precipitation polymerizations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of poly(acrylamide‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization

Jin

Yang

Shim

et al. 2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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The synthesis and application of polymeric microspheres are of great importance from both academic and industrial points of view. As polymeric microspheres have been used in wider fields of conventional 1 and more sophisticated 2-6 areas, the development of a new process to prepare such materials has received much attention. Polymer microspheres of a particular size and uniformity are generally obtained with one of the heterogeneous polymerizations, including suspension, emulsion, dispersion, seeded, and precipitation polymerizations. Moreover, each polymerization is branched to several subsidiary methods, such as macroemulsion, miniemulsion, microemulsion, and soap-free emulsion polymerizations.Fully crosslinked monodisperse polymer microspheres have unique applications because of their superior strength, thermal and solvent resistance, and antislip properties.7 However, the synthesis of such microspheres is limited to a few techniques, such as seeded polymerization, [8][9][10][11] Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification followed by postpolymerization, 12,13 and precipitation polymerization.14 Precipitation polymerization, in particular, has advantages over the other techniques because crosslinked microspheres can be readily prepared in a single process without any auxiliary apparatus to make the size distribution of the particles narrow. Therefore, homoand copolymerization systems have been thoroughly investigated, including poly(divinylbenzene), 15 poly (methacrylic acid-co-polyethylene oxide methyl ether methacrylate), 16 poly(methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene), 17 poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene), 18 poly(divinylbenzene-co-maleic anhydride) 19 , poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene)[poly(MMA-co-DVB)], [20][21][22] and poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) [poly(St-co-DVB)]. 23In addition, mechanistic studies to elucidate the formation of stable microspheres in the absence of any stabilizer have been reported 24,25 in which the absorption of oligomeric species onto the nuclei and the high degree of crosslinking are the primary reasons for the formation and stable growth of the microspheres.Several examples of the copolymerization of the partially water-soluble monomer acrylamide (AAm) and oil-soluble monomers such as methacrylic acid 26 and styrene 27,28 have been recently reported with precipitation polymerization, 26 inverse microemulsion polymerization, 27 and water/oil/water emulsion by SPG membrane emulsification and subsequent suspension polymerization. 28In our previous studies, poly(St-co-DVB) and poly (MMA-co-DVB) microspheres containing various concentrations of divinylbenzene (DVB), from 5 to 75 mol %, were synthesized by precipitation polymerization, and their unexpected thermal properties, superior to those of crosslinked polymers prepared by emulsion and

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Chemical Modifications on Polystyrene Latex: Preparation and Characterization for Use in Immunological Applications

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Controlling Size and Distribution for Nano-sized Polystyrene Spheres

Controlling Size and Distribution for Nano-sized Polystyrene Spheres

Thermally robust highly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinyl benzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization

Synthesis of poly(acrylamide‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization

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