China in Panama: From Peripheral Diplomacy to Grand Strategy

Méndez, Álvaro; Alden, Chris

doi:10.1080/14650045.2019.1657413

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The best performers have foreign operations, suggesting that competition abroad incentivizes them to adopt ESGs in their operations; a finding supported by the literature (Khattak & Saiti, 2021). Overseas operations were expanded by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of President Xi Jinping and projected to connect the PRC with far destinations via transport networks crossing Eurasia by land and the Indian and Pacific Oceans by sea (Mendez & Alden, 2021). A report by The Economist and Baker…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sustainable Banking in the Global South

Méndez¹,

Forcadell²,

Úbeda³

2021

edeij

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Sustainable Banking in the Global South

Méndez¹,

Forcadell²,

Úbeda³

2021

edeij

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“…34 Following the acquisition of Hong Kong in 1997, China approached Panama with deals aimed at fostering cooperation between Panama and Hong Kong, which was then the most important port in China. [59] Still, compared to the $450 million of Taiwanese investment from 1997 to 2002, Chinese investments amounted to just $200 million in this period. However, the growing importance of the Chinese economy was becoming increasingly evident; during the same period, Panama's annual imports and exports to China grew by an average of 59% and 281% compared to −2% and 77% for Taiwan.…”

Section: The Gateway: Panamamentioning

confidence: 96%

The Final Frontier: China, Taiwan, and the United States in Strategic Competition for Central America

Portada

Lem

Paudel

2020

J OF CHIN POLIT SCI

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China's rise as a global power corresponded with a diminution of Taiwanese diplomacy, which has left Central America as the last region to host a continuous bloc of countries that recognize the ROC. In this article, we argue that China's success in gaining diplomatic recognition from Taiwan's former allies has largely resulted from China's economic policy, specifically its promises of large-scale infrastructure projects and the integration of Central American economies with Chinese markets. However, there are limits to how far China has advanced in gaining full recognition from the region. The competing political and economic interests of China, Taiwan, the United States, and the Central American countries themselves, continue to influence patterns of diplomatic switching. More specifically, we argue that the threat of punitive measures from the United States combined with a turn in Taiwanese diplomacy toward assistance efforts to combat Covid-19 may deter future switching in the short to medium-term. Our analysis offers case studies of four Central American countries (Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador and Nicaragua) to illustrate the multi-year processes by which China's economic strategy leads to diplomatic switching and examine the paths ahead for the remaining holdouts facing the prospect of economic and political penalties by the United States.

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“…A new MDB such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has a better chance at norm entrepreneurship by constructing organizational structures, policies and cultures suitable to more sophisticated financing options [117,118]. This is facilitated by absorbing the lessons of MDBs with long private-sector experience; e.g., World Bank, EBRD, CAF [119], and translating them into what is an economic statecraft initiative alternative to the Western paradigm, and incidentally aimed at supporting Beijing in international politics [120].…”

Section: Mdbs' Pioneering Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Banking: The Role of Multilateral Development Banks as Norm Entrepreneurs

Méndez

Houghton

2020

Sustainability

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This article explores the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in originating norms of sustainable banking that have attracted and supported green private finance, a role not widely known in the management literature. Any prospect of achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 presupposes mobilizing the estimated US$23.3 trillion currently locked-up in risk-averse private savings to bridge the gap between developing countries’ demand for capital and the current global financial architecture’s capacity to supply it. The three biggest obstacles to sustainable banking identified by the authors are discussed: (1) The uncertain bankability of projects; (2) non-transparency in tracking sustainable capital flows; and (3) no universal mechanism capable of making matches between green investment supply and demand; and what MDBs have actually done to overcome these roadblocks, and might do in future, is also discussed. Seen through the lens of “applied constructivism”, MDBs are revealed to be norm entrepreneurs proactive since at least the 1970s in socially constructing most of the basic norms and practices of sustainable banking which the private sector relies on or is now striving to take up. MDBs are typically the first “port of call” for international governmental organizations (IGOs) and civil society organizations wishing to establish a sustainable financial framework for development; and are the likeliest political agents to pioneer sustainable banking in future. MDBs would do well to develop an awareness of the methods of Constructivism, which they have actually been unwittingly using, to empower themselves to meet the challenges of the 21st century.

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China in Panama: From Peripheral Diplomacy to Grand Strategy

Cited by 24 publications

References 52 publications

Sustainable Banking in the Global South

Sustainable Banking in the Global South

The Final Frontier: China, Taiwan, and the United States in Strategic Competition for Central America

Sustainable Banking: The Role of Multilateral Development Banks as Norm Entrepreneurs

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