China issues the National Essential Medicines List (2018 edition): Background, differences from previous editions, and potential issues

He, Jiangjiang; Tang, Mi; Ye, Ziping; Jiang, Xiaotong; Chen, Duo; Song, Peipei; Jin, Chunlin

doi:10.5582/bst.2018.01265

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Our study also found that some factors regarding the perception of EMs were significantly associated with the willingness for DR. NEMP aims to reduce excessive unnecessary spending. To date, China has implemented the NEMP [56,57], and the high cost of medical services for the public has been relieved [58]. Several studies have proved that the EMs system had a positive effect in reducing both outpatient and inpatient expenses at the grassroots level [59,60], and then more patients intended to return to PMI [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Willingness for Downward Referral and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Older Adults in Shandong, China

Jing

Qin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand the willingness for downward referral among older adults who were hospitalized in the year before the survey and to explore its influencing factors. Methods: The sample was randomly selected by the multi-stage sampling method. A structural questionnaire was used to collect data from participants age 60 and above in Shandong, China, during August 2017. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Of 1198 participants who were hospitalized in the year before the survey, 28.7% self-initiated downward referral, and 33.9% were willing to accept downward referral after a doctor’s advice. Multinomial logistic regression results showed that self-rated health, treatment effect in primary medical institutions, preference for outpatient service, choice of inpatient service, general understanding of essential medicines, the cost of essential medicines after zero-markup policy, and satisfaction with essential medicines’ reimbursement policy significantly correlated with older adults’ willingness for downward referral. Conclusions: The proportion of older adults who self-initiated downward referral was less than one-third. Doctors’ advice plays an important role in willingness for downward referral. More attention should be paid to improving the treatment effect of primary medical institutions, increasing the benefits of zero-markup policy, and ensuring a high reimbursement for the downward referral to work alongside doctors’ advice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Willingness for Downward Referral and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Older Adults in Shandong, China

Jing

Qin

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…As part of the commitment to giving every citizen access to basic healthcare, China implemented the National Essential Medicines Policy (NEMP), which aims to increase the availability and affordability and to ensure the quality and promote the rational use of medicines. Since the revision of the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) issued in 2009, the list has been updated constantly from 307 medicines (2009) to 520 medicines (2012) and 685 medicines (2018), for fully meeting the needs of basic healthcare 55. Based on the literature review on the evaluation of the effects of the NEMP, there is no consensus conclusion.…”

Section: Coverage Of Health Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards universal health coverage: achievements and challenges of 10 years of healthcare reform in China

et al. 2020

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Universal health coverage (UHC) has been identified as a priority for the global health agenda. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. We conducted a secondary data analysis and combined it with a literature review, analysing the overview of UHC in China with regard to financial protection, coverage of health services and the reported coverage of the WHO and the World Bank UHC indicators. The results include the following: out-of-pocket expenditures as a percentage of current health expenditures in China have dropped dramatically from 60.13% in 2000 to 35.91% in 2016; the health insurance coverage of the total population jumped from 22.1% in 2003 to 95.1% in 2013; the average life expectancy increased from 72.0 to 76.4, maternal mortality dropped from 59 to 29 per 100 000 live births, the under-5 mortality rate dropped from 36.8 to 9.3 per 1000 live births, and neonatal mortality dropped from 21.4 to 4.7 per 1000 live births between 2000 and 2017; and so on. Our findings show that while China appears to be well on the path to UHC, there are identifiable gaps in service quality and a requirement for ongoing strengthening of financial protections. Some of the key challenges remain to be faced, such as the fragmented and inequitable health delivery system, and the increasing demand for high-quality and value-based service delivery. Given that China has committed to achieving UHC and ‘Healthy China 2030’, the evidence from this study can be suggestive of furthering on in the UHC journey and taking the policy steps necessary to secure change.

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“…As the base of drug supply and security system, the national essential medicines system reform is comprehensive and includes but is not limited to the following: the selection, production and distribution of essential medicines; quality assurance; reasonable pricing; tendering and procurement; a zero mark-up policy on sales; rational use and reimbursement; and monitoring and evaluation 57. The government issued a revision of the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) in 2009 including a list of 307 essential medicines, and constantly expands the list to fully meet the needs of basic healthcare 58. These on-list medicines should be available at all primary care institutions.…”

Section: Main Reform Initiatives and Achievements Of The Past Decadementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China

et al. 2020

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Universal health coverage (UHC) is driving the global health agenda. Many countries have embarked on national policy reforms towards this goal, including China. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. The year of 2019 marks the 10th anniversary of China’s most recent healthcare reform. Sharing China’s experience is especially timely for other countries pursuing reforms to achieve UHC. This study describes the social, economic and health context in China, and then reviews the overall progress of healthcare reform (1949 to present), with a focus on the most recent (2009) round of healthcare reform. The study comprehensively analyses key reform initiatives and major achievements according to four aspects: health insurance system, drug supply and security system, medical service system and public health service system. Lessons learnt from China may have important implications for other nations, including continued political support, increased health financing and a strong primary healthcare system as basis.

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China issues the National Essential Medicines List (2018 edition): Background, differences from previous editions, and potential issues

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

The Willingness for Downward Referral and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Older Adults in Shandong, China

The Willingness for Downward Referral and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Older Adults in Shandong, China

Towards universal health coverage: achievements and challenges of 10 years of healthcare reform in China

Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China

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