Chitosan-Based Biomaterial, Calcium Hydroxide and Chlorhexidine for Potential Use as Intracanal Medication

Abstract

The objective of this study was to develop a chitosan-based biomaterial with calcium hydroxide and 2% chlorhexidine for intracanal treatment application and, consequently, to diminish the number of microorganisms in the root canal system. The chitosan solution was prepared by dissolving it in 2% and 4% acetic acid (v/v) for 1 h at room temperature (25 °C) with magnetic agitation (430 rpm). Calcium hydroxide was obtained in two stages: the first was the synthesis of the calcium oxide—CaO, and the second was that of the calcium hydroxide—Ca(OH)2. The samples were developed using different concentrations of chitosan, calcium hydroxide, and chlorhexidine 2%. They were codified as Ca(OH)2 + Q2% (M1), Ca(OH)2 + Q4% (M2), Ca(OH)2 + Q2% + CLX (M3), Ca(OH)2 + Q4% + CLX (M4), Ca(OH)2 + Q2% + PEG (M5), and Ca(OH)2 + Q4% + PEG (M6). They were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and rheological measurement, and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated in vitro. Characteristic absorption bands of the source materials used in this research were observed in the FTIR spectra. The X-ray diffraction technique indicated that the material has a semi-crystalline structure and that the presence of calcium hydroxide made the biomaterial more crystalline. The viscosity measurement showed a pseudoplastic behavior of the studied samples. The microbiologic analysis was positive for all samples tested, with bigger inhibition zones for the samples M3 and M4. As a result, we conclude that the formulation developed based on chitosan is promising and has potential to be an intracanal medication.

How Adding Chlorhexidine or Metallic Nanoparticles Affects the Antimicrobial Performance of Calcium Hydroxide Paste as an Intracanal Medication: An In Vitro Study

“…Silver was tested at concentrations ranging from 12.5 mg/L to 100 mg/L ( Figure 1 a–c,e–g), while CHX was tested using four different concentrations ranging from 0.5% (5 × 10 3 mg/L) to 4% (40 × 10 3 mg/L) ( Figure 1 d,h). Similar concentrations have been reported in the literature and correspond to 0.5×, 1×, and 2× MIC for silver and 0.25×, 0.5×, 1×, and 2× the most common concentration used in studies for CHX (2%) [ 7 , 24 , 30 , 31 , 47 , 48 ]. The time-kill kinetics profile of the drug-free CH paste (dotted line) indicated that there was a reduction in viable C. albicans cells but not of E. faecalis cells.…”

“…Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have been recently developed as sophisticated carriers for drug delivery [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. They are comprised of active pharmaceutical ingredients that are adsorbed to or entrapped in a polymeric structure [ 34 ].…”

“…Metallic nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized in aqueous solutions using chitosan (CHT) or cyclodextrin polymers (CDP) as reducing and stabilizing agents [ 35 , 36 ]. CHT is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide produced by the deacetylation of chitin extracted from crustaceans, yeasts, and algae [ 31 ]. CHT is biodegradable, biocompatible, hemostatic, antimicrobial, and analgesic [ 31 ].…”

“…CHT is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide produced by the deacetylation of chitin extracted from crustaceans, yeasts, and algae [ 31 ]. CHT is biodegradable, biocompatible, hemostatic, antimicrobial, and analgesic [ 31 ]. These properties are related to its cationic character and the size of the polymer chain [ 37 ].…”

Comparative evaluation of calcium ion release, pH change, and dentinal tubule penetration of four different formulations of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments – An in vitro study

“…It has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with almost no toxicity toward mammalian cells. [ 14 , 15 ]…”