Chitosan-based hydrogel tissue scaffolds made by 3D plotting promotes osteoblast proliferation and mineralization

Abstract

A 3D plotting system was used to make chitosan-based tissue scaffolds with interconnected pores using pure chitosan (C) and chitosan cross-linked with pectin (CP) and genipin (CG). A freeze-dried chitosan scaffold (CF/D) was made to compare with C, to observe the effects of structural differences. The fiber size, pore size, porosity, compression strength, swelling ratio, drug release efficacy, and cumulative weight loss of the scaffolds were measured. Osteoblasts were cultured on the scaffolds and their proliferation, type I collagen production, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and morphology were observed. C had a lower swelling ratio, degradation, porosity and drug release efficacy and a higher compressional stiffness and cell proliferation compared to CF/D (p < 0.05). Of the 3D-plotted samples, cells on CP exhibited the highest degree of mineralization after 21 d (p < 0.05). CP also had the highest swelling ratio and fastest drug release, followed by C and CG (p < 0.05). Both CP and CG were stiffer and degraded more slowly in saline solution than C (p < 0.05). In summary, 3D-plotted scaffolds were stronger, less likely to degrade and better promoted osteoblast cell proliferation in vitro compared to the freeze-dried scaffolds. C, CP and CG were structurally similar, and the different crosslinking caused significant changes in their physical and biological performances.

Glycerylphytate as an ionic crosslinker for 3D printing of multi-layered scaffolds with improved shape fidelity and biological features

“…7 Elviri et al were able to print lower chitosan solutions (6 wt%) in a cryogenic chamber followed by the subsequent coagulation in a KOH (8 w/v%) bath. 30 Moreover, the described manufacturing protocols could potentially lead to shrinking and shape deformation of the scaffolds, 5,7,24,28,30,55 a post-printing phenomenon that it was not observed in our scaffolds after ionic crosslinking (Fig. S4 †).…”

“…This methodology allowed fast printing without using supporting templates 21,36,[41][42][43][44][45] or neutralization and washing steps. 5,7,24,28,30,46 The as-printed scaffolds were ready to be used for biological tests.…”

“…23 However, its use in 3D printing has been limited due to its weak mechanical properties. 27,28 In the last few years, a few studies have reported the use of chitosan for 3D printing. 5,7,23,[29][30][31] Wu et al studied different chitosan-based inks by dissolving the chitosan in a mixture of different acids.…”

Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan Gels and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration of Cartilage and Bone

“…According to the data obtained by Liu, I.H. et al , osteoblasts secreted collagen-I in the first week and gradually differentiated into osteocytes; later on they expressed alkaline phosphatase that initiated the mineralization process by providing an alkaline environment and facilitating formation and nucleation of calcium phosphate in the GEN-chitosan 3D-plotted scaffolds [ 111 ]. In this respect it is interesting to note that the above mentioned article by Colosi et al [ 62 ] contains valuable detailed information on a simplified technological approach to the manufacture of 3D-plotted scaffolds.…”

Membranas porosas à base de carboximetilquitosana e poli (álcool vinílico) para o tratamento de lesões de pele

“…Outro ponto a ser considerado é que o curativo deve ser capaz de absorver o excesso de exsudados e substâncias citotóxicas (FIELD; KERSTEIN, 1994 Assim, a menor capacidade de hidratação é atribuída à diminuição do caráter hidrofílico das membranas causado pela diminuição da quantidade CMQ com a incorporação do PVA, pois a CMQ é altamente hidrofílica, uma vez que possui, além do grupo OH (comum aos dois polímeros), os grupos hidrofílicos amina e carboxilato. Outro fator que diminui a hidrofilicidade do material é a reticulação com genipina, pois gera uma matriz mais rígida, reduzindo então a mobilidade das cadeias poliméricas além de que a reação de reticulação consome grupos amina que estariam disponíveis para interagir com a água (LI et al, 2009;LIU et al, 2015;ELELLA;SABAA, 2015;SABAA et al, 2012;SHEN;RUAN;GAO, 2009;WANG et al, 2007).…”