“…Chitosan and derivatives, as natural polymers with great and valuable features such as antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant characteristics, affordability, bio-degradability, have been applied in diverse uses like biomedical. Recently, this biopolymer was used as a potential biomacromolecule against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, preparation antiviral vaccines, and adjuvants [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Indeed, the virulence of this virus is mainly due to the capability of spike protein for binding to ACE2 receptors existing in the human respiratory tract and start an infection.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Till now, it has been tested as a nano-carrier to deliver antigens and raise immune responses. Also, the performance of its adjuvants can be explained in three or more mechanisms: providing a depot for the antigen to slow release, facilitating the antigen targeting to immune cell and improve phagocytosis, modulation and enhancement immune response induced by the antigen alone [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, this natural polymer has been used as a delivery system for mucosal vaccines in poultry and pigs ( Fig. 4 ) [ 31 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 4 Schematic representation of chitosan based nanoparticle used for delivering bacterial and viral vaccine to mucosal sites of poultry and pigs, and the vaccine induced mucosal immune responses [ 31 ]. …”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
“…Chitosan and derivatives, as natural polymers with great and valuable features such as antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant characteristics, affordability, bio-degradability, have been applied in diverse uses like biomedical. Recently, this biopolymer was used as a potential biomacromolecule against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, preparation antiviral vaccines, and adjuvants [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Indeed, the virulence of this virus is mainly due to the capability of spike protein for binding to ACE2 receptors existing in the human respiratory tract and start an infection.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Till now, it has been tested as a nano-carrier to deliver antigens and raise immune responses. Also, the performance of its adjuvants can be explained in three or more mechanisms: providing a depot for the antigen to slow release, facilitating the antigen targeting to immune cell and improve phagocytosis, modulation and enhancement immune response induced by the antigen alone [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To date, this natural polymer has been used as a delivery system for mucosal vaccines in poultry and pigs ( Fig. 4 ) [ 31 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 4 Schematic representation of chitosan based nanoparticle used for delivering bacterial and viral vaccine to mucosal sites of poultry and pigs, and the vaccine induced mucosal immune responses [ 31 ]. …”
Section: Chitosan As Promising Adjuvant and Vaccine Delivery System For Viral Threatsmentioning
Pathogen transmission is a widespread threat to global human health. Vaccines are very important during the outbreak of a pandemic. Destructive fractures caused by a sudden outbreak of COVID-19 have spurred vaccine production at an unprecedented rate. The strategy of an effective vaccine delivery system is opening up novel probabilities to make more immunization. Indeed, vaccination is the most successful way to prevent deaths from infectious diseases. In order to optimal immune response production or improvement in the effectiveness of vaccines, delivery systems or adjuvants are required. Natural polymers such as chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid, gums, and β-glucan with antiviral activity have good potential as adjuvant or delivery systems for vaccine formulation development and design vaccine delivery devices. According to the antiviral performance and immunomodulation of these biopolymers, they will play significant characters in the anti-COVID-19 field. In this mini-review, the recent progress in vaccine development by using biopolymers is presented which, provides a reference for their research on anti-COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
“…In recent years, several types of nanotherapeutic drugs have been evaluated and designed, including liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and micelles, as carrier materials [ 138 ]. Common synthetic polymeric nanoparticles used for drug delivery include polyacrylamide [ 139 ], polyacrylate [ 140 ], and natural product-chitosan [ 141 ]. In the upper respiratory tract, there are microfold cells in the nasal passage-associated lymphoid tissue that transport antigens through the mucosa [ 142 , 143 ].…”
Section: Recent Advances and Future Prospectsmentioning
Chronic rhinosinusitis is an upper respiratory disease during which topical drug treatment via the nasal cavity is the most actively utilized therapeutic strategy. In addition to steroids, antibiotics, and antifungal agents, which are widely used in clinical practice, research on novel topical agents to improve the bacterial biofilm or mucociliary clearance remains ongoing. Moreover, owing to the complex structure of the nasal cavity, the effects of nasal drug delivery vary depending on factors related to delivery fluid dynamics, including device, volume, and compounds. In this article, we review methods and compounds that have been applied to chronic rhinosinusitis management and introduce recent advances and future perspectives in nasal drug delivery for upper respiratory diseases.
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