Chlamydia antibody testing helps in identifying females with possible tubal factor infertility

Singh, Swapnil; Bhandari, Shilpa; Agarwal, Pallavi; Chittawar, Priya Bhave; Thakur, Ratna

doi:10.29252/ijrm.14.3.187

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The detection of IgG anti-Chlamydia antibodies is advantageous as C. trachomatis infections 7 are predominantly asymptomatic and not part of empiric detection protocols. Chlamydia trachomatis infections cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that is can lead to infertility in females as described in studies by Odusolu et al 8 as well as tubal disorders as reported by Singh et al 9 Our study documents a >10 times higher prevalence of ASA in the study population with the increased level of ASA being significant. Immune infertility due to continued and persistent levels of ASA in males and implication of ASA in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and the attendant complications in treatments to resolve infertility especially subclinical infertility are documented in the study by Dhama et al 10 and findings also strongly reiterate the stated possible adverse outcomes due to increased ASA Piroozmand et al 11 Our study determined that there is 11 times increase in hyperthyroidism in the study population compared with control out of which elevated T3 levels contributed 59.1% with increased T4 levels accounting for the remaining 40.9%.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Trifactorial Influence—Antisperm Antibody, Anti-Chlamydia Antibodies, and Thyroid Levels in Infertility

Rajamanickam¹,

Danislas²,

Mohanram³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infertility &Amp; Fetal Medicine

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Aim and objective: The present study determines the incidence of anti-Chlamydia antibodies (ACA), antisperm antibody (ASA), and thyroid levels in serum of infertility patients and statistically determines the significance of all three study parameters. Materials and methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on volunteers of 190 patients both male and female reporting to the Infertility Clinic of hospital and 178 patients including pregnant women patients were used as control. Serum from patients was collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-Chlamydia antibodies, ASA, serum T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Infertility patients representing 12.6% of the study population tested positive for anti-Chlamydia antibodies. 21.6% of 190 patients had high ASA levels and these levels were found to be statistically significant p < 0.001 when compared with control. Elevated thyroid levels of the study population observed as increased T3 in 26 patients and T4 in 18 patients with 16 patients having increased TSH and the increased levels of thyroid in infertility patients compared with control is statistically significant p value <0.01. Correlation between all three study parameters is statistically significant [0.01 level (two-tailed)]. Conclusion: Significantly higher levels of anti-Chlamydia antibodies and ASA are found associated in infertile patients as is elevated T3, T4, and TSH. All three parameters together can cause infertility showing the multidimensional factors for the development of infertility. Clinical significance: Patients with infertility should be screened for all three study parameters viz. ACA, ASA, and thyroid levels and subsequent treatment protocols to resolve all possible adverse results to within normal levels for the success of ART. Research highlights• The present study found higher levels of anti-Chlamydia antibody in patients with primary infertility compared with the control group indicating the strong association between chlamydial infections and infertility. • The present study found higher levels of antisperm antibodies in the serum of patients with primary infertility compared with the control group implying a significant role for ASA and development of infertility. • Thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism due to elevated TSH and hyperthyroidism associated with increased total serum T3 or T4 are several times higher in infertility patients when compared with the general population providing evidence for thyroid imbalance and infertility. • All three study parameters-anti-Chlamydia antibodies, ASA, and thyroid levels occurring together in any one patient may tend to cause infertility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Trifactorial Influence—Antisperm Antibody, Anti-Chlamydia Antibodies, and Thyroid Levels in Infertility

Rajamanickam¹,

Danislas²,

Mohanram³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Infertility &Amp; Fetal Medicine

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“…This is similar to another Indian study by Swapnil et al, where the sensitivity was 20% and the specificity was 100%. 6 Of the 26 patients in the present study with Chlamydia positivity 53.8% (n=14) had tubal disease. This was consistent with results from various other studies showing tubal pathology at laparoscopy in 30-65% of Chlamydia antibody positive women.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

Role of IgG Chlamydia antibody in tubal factor infertility

Balakrishnan

Malathi

Raveendran

et al. 2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Chlamydial infection is considered to be one of the important causes of tubal factor infertility. This study will help to explore the relationship between positive Chlamydial infection and tubal damage in infertile women assessed by diagnostic laparoscopy. The results will help to determine whether a policy of routine screening for Chlamydia antibody is justifiable in infertile women to suspect tubal factor so that they can be taken up for laparoscopy earlier.Methods: A prospective study was performed on 158 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopy as part of infertility evaluation. About 5 mL of venous blood was drawn preoperatively to detect Chlamydia IgG antibody in all the patients by ELISA. The laparoscopic findings were documented and the relationship to Chlamydial antibody evaluated.Results: Of the 158 patients who underwent laparoscopy, 95 patients had evidence of tubal disease as evidenced by unilateral or bilateral tubal block, peritubal adhesions, hydrosalpinx, beading of the tube and unhealthy shaggy appearance. Of the 95 patients with documented tubal disease at laparoscopy, 14 (14.7%) had antibodies to Chlamydia. Of the 63 patients with normal tubes, 12 (19%) had Chlamydial positivity. The difference is not statistically significant. However of the 26 patients who were positive for Chlamydia antibodies 14 patients (53.8%) had abnormal tubes. Out of the 158 patients who underwent laparoscopy 26 patients were positive for Chlamydia. Hence the prevalence in our study is 16.4% (26/158). The sensitivity is 14.7% and the specificity is 81%.Conclusions: This study showed no difference in Chlamydial positivity between infertile women with abnormal tubes and those with normal looking tubes in our population. The absence of Chlamydial antibodies cannot be taken as a marker for normal tubes. Hence screening for chlamydial antibody can neither be used as a screening test for tubal factor infertility nor to decide on the need for laparoscopy in the present population.

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“…When the inflammatory mediators network is formed, vascular endothelial cells can be indirectly or directly damaged and a large number of inflammatory substances can be exudated, thus aggravating the damage to the fallopian tube [21]. Relevant studies [22,23] have shown that: The main causes of tubal obstructive infertility are related to TNF-a and IL-6. TNF-a can synthesize IL-6 through mediated immune response, and IL-6 can damage the epithelium and mucosa of the tubal by participating in the chronic inflammatory response of the body, thus causing tubal obstructive infertility.As epidermal growth factors and receptors, EGF, EGFR and ERBB2 can participate in cell proliferation, apoptosis and local adhesion formation.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) can promote MAPK phosphorylation, but this study was conducted in bovine oviduct epithelial cells and was not found in human oviduct epithelial cells.The EGFR pathway can also regulate Notch signaling, generate a variety of cilia in the fallopian tube, regulate the fallopian tube microenvironment, and facilitate fertilization and embryo survival.Tubal epithelial cells are activated with the participation of TP53 proteins and bal-2 family apoptosis proteins.…”

Section: Discuss Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Molecular Mechanism of Tongqi No.1 Prescription for Tubal Obstructive Infertility Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

2023

medcm

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In order to investigate the mechanism of action of Tongqi No. 1 Formula in the treatment of tubal obstructive infertility, a network pharmacology method was used to analyze the active ingredients and drug targets of Tongqi No. 1 Formula, and the disease targets of tubal obstructive infertility, respectively. The drug targets, disease targets, and active ingredient were then analyzed, and the results were finally validated by using molecular docking methods. It was found that 61 drug active ingredients and 215 drug targets were obtained in Tongqi No. 1 Formula. The GeneCards database, the OMIM database combined with the DRUGBANK database, was merged and duplicate values were removed, resulting in 1382 disease targets and 119 drug-disease intersecting genes. GO enrichment revealed that Tongqi No. 1 Formula has biological functions such as response to steroid hormones, regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway, positive regulation of cell death, response to growth factors, and response to estradiol. After KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the main pathways involved are NF-KB, JAK-STAT, p13k-AKT, MAPK, etc. Molecular docking results showed that tanshinone IIA stably docked into the active pocket of AKT1 protein structure 4EJN, and the two were hydrogen bonded through amino acid residues ASN53, ASN51, VAL-271, VAL-270, SER-205, and GLN-203. The present study initially revealed that the treatment of tubal obstruction infertility with "Tongqi No. 1 Formula" is carried out through multiple components, multiple targets and multiple pathways, which provides a basis for further research.

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Chlamydia antibody testing helps in identifying females with possible tubal factor infertility

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Trifactorial Influence—Antisperm Antibody, Anti-Chlamydia Antibodies, and Thyroid Levels in Infertility

Trifactorial Influence—Antisperm Antibody, Anti-Chlamydia Antibodies, and Thyroid Levels in Infertility

Role of IgG Chlamydia antibody in tubal factor infertility

Study on Molecular Mechanism of Tongqi No.1 Prescription for Tubal Obstructive Infertility Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

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