Chlorinated and brominated persistent organic compounds in biological samples from the environment

Jansson, Bo; Andersson, Renate; Asplund, Lillemor; Litzén, Kerstin; Nylund, Kerstin; Sellströom, Ulla; Uvemo, Ulla-Britt; Wahlberg, Cajsa; Wideqvist, Ulla; Odsjö, Tjelvar; Olsson, Mats

doi:10.1002/etc.5620120704

Cited by 191 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The serum concentrations of all PBDE congeners decreased during summer vacation in the electronics-dismantling workers analyzed prior to and after this period ( Table 4) only for wildlife (10)(11)(12)(13)15,16,18,19) but also for htumans. However, the PCB levels were still higher than the PBDE levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because PBDEs are present in food items, e.g., fish (8,15) and wildlife (12), it is reasonable to believe that dietary intake plays an important role in the external exposure of these persistent compounds in humans. Inhalation may be a reason for the low but still significantly increased (p = 0.02) levels of BDE-183 in the clerks working at terminal screens as compared to cleaners.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBDEs have been detected in sediments (6)(7)(8)(9), wildlife, and fish (5,6,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15), and in human blood (16), mother's milk (17)(18)(19), and human adipose tissue (20,21). In biota, the dominating PBDE congener is 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) (10)(11)(12)(13)15,16,18,19). Other examples of PBDE congeners reportedly present in the environment are 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE-99), 2,2',4,4',6-pentaBDE (BDE-100), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE-153), and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexaBDE (BDE-154) (15,16,18,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Sjödin¹,

Hagmar²,

Klasson-Wehler³

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

193

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as additives in polymers and teiles to prohibit the development offires. Because ofthe production and use of PBDEs, the lipophilic haracteristics, and persistence, these compounds have become ubiquitous environmental con aminants. The aim of the present study was to determine potential exposures of PBDE to derks working filltime at computer screen and persomnnel at an elecnics-disntling plant, with hospitl deaners as a control group. Five PBDE congeners-2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE; 2,2',4,4',5,2,2',4,4',5,2,2',3,4,4',5',

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Sjödin¹,

Hagmar²,

Klasson-Wehler³

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

193

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“…In herring (different age groups) and in salmon muscle, the BDE-47 levels were 3.2-27 and 167 µg/kg lipid weight, respectively. These BDE values in herring are lower than those earlier analyzed by Janssson and Sellström and their co-workers (35,36). PBDEs and other organohalogen compounds were found in sea-run Baltic salmon from the River Dalälven (total PBDE levels about 300 µg/kg lipid) (41).…”

Section: Environmental Levelsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

686

263

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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“…The levels in seal blubber were the same as those found in humans. Blubber samples from ringed seals collected in Kongsfjorden in 1981 were also used as baseline material for a study of concentrations of persistent chlorinated and brominated organic compounds in Swedish biota (Jansson et al 1993). …”

Section: Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Status and biology of ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Svalbard

Lydersen

1998

NAMMCOSP

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The ringed seal is the most abundant mammal in the Svalbard area. Annual pup production in this area is estimated to be 20,000. No systematic harvest records exist, but some few hundred seals are t*en annually, mainly for dog food. The ringed seals in Svalbard are protected from hunting in the period 15 March -15 April. Peak pupping season is the first week of April. New-born ringed seals weigh an aven~ge of 4.6kg. They are nursed for about 39 days, and weaned at an average body mass of around 22kg. During the period of maternal care pups consume a total of about 54 litres of milk, that is composed of approximately 38% fat and 10% protein. Asymptotic standard lengths and body masses for adult ringed seal males and females are 131.5 and 127.8cm, and 52.6 and 59.9kg, respectively. The maximum values recorded for lengths of males and females in Svalbard are 157cm and 107kg, respectively. There is marked seasonal variation in body mass in both sexes with the highest mass records being recorded in early spring before pupping occurs, and with minimum values in the summer after the breeding and moulting seasons. The observed variation in mass is mainly due to changing blubber thickness of the seals. Ringed seal males attain sexual maturity at the age of 5 -7 years, while females reach maturity when they are 3-5 years of age. The oldest seal collected in Svalbard was aged 45. Ringed seals in the Svalbard area feed on a variety of prey organisms, the most important of which are polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and the crustaceans Parathemisto libellula, Thysanoessa inermis and Pandalus borealis. Ringed seal pups start diving during the nursing period while they are still white-coats, and spend about 50% of the time in the water prior to weaning. They are capable of diving for up to 12min and dive to the bottom of the study areas (max. 89m). Nursing females spend more than 80% of their time in the water. Maximum recorded dive duration for mothers was 21.2min. In order to produce a weaned pup, the net energy expenditure for a ringed seal mother is 1,073MJ. This energy value corresponds to the consumption of 185kg of polar cod or 282kg of P. libellula. The annual gross energy consumption for adult males and females is calculated to be 5,600MJ and 7,300MJ, respectively. The main predators of ringed seals in Svalbard are polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). In addition, both glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are documented as predators of ringed seals in this area. Heavy predation pressure is probably the main factor explaining why pups of this species start diving at such a young age, why they have access to so many breathing holes (8.7 on average) and why they keep their white coat long after its thermoregulatory properties have vanished. Pollution levels in ringed seals from Svalbard are, generally speaking, similar to levels in other areas of the Arctic.

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Chlorinated and brominated persistent organic compounds in biological samples from the environment

Cited by 191 publications

References 10 publications

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Status and biology of ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) in Svalbard

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