Chloroform – concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric air, and emission fluxes from soil

Hoekstra, Eddo J.; Duyzer, J.H.; Leer, E. W. B. De; Brinkman, U.A.Th.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00285-5

Cited by 58 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants [71] and are considered persistent organic pollutants (the ''dirty dozen'' of chemicals) [72]. Toxaphene (C 10 H 10 Cl 8 ) is one such insecticide [73]; after degradation, it releases free chlorine ions with the tendency to form [74][75][76]. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the level of chloroform reached in soil or air is high enough to cause CKD-mfo.…”

Section: Agrochemical (Pesticides and Weedicides) Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Wimalawansa

2014

Environ Health Prev Med

125

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During the last two decades, Sri Lanka, located close to the equator, has experienced an escalating incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown aetiology (CKDue) in dry zonal areas. Similar incidences of unusual CKDs have been reported in the dry zonal, agricultural areas of several other equatorial countries. In Sri Lanka, the incidence of CKDue is highest in the North Central Province (NCP), where approximately 45 % of the country's paddy fields are located. However, in recent years, the disease has spread into areas adjacent to as well as distant from the NCP. The cause of CKD in Sri Lanka is unknown, and may likely due to interactions of different potential agents; thus, CKD is of multi-factorial origin (CKD-mfo). These factors include, the negative effects from overuse of agrochemicals. Nevertheless, the potential interactions and synergism between probable agents have not been studied. This systematic review discusses the proposed hypotheses and causes of CKD-mfo in Sri Lanka, and ways to decrease the incidence of this disease and to eradicate it, and provide some recommendations. During the past decade, a number of groups have investigated this disorder using different methodologies and reported various correlations, but failed to find a cause. Research has focussed on the contamination of water with heavy metals, agrochemicals, hard water, algae, ionicity, climate change, and so forth. Nevertheless, the levels of any of the pollutants or conditions reported in water in NPC are inconsistent not correlated with the prevalence of the disease, and are too low to be the sole cause of CKD-mfo. Meanwhile, several nephrotoxins prevalent in the region, including medications, leptospirosis, toxic herbs, illicit alcohol, locally grown tobacco, and petrochemicals, as well as the effects of changed habits occured over the past four decades have not been studied to date. Taken together, the geographical distribution and overall findings indicate that combinations of factors and/or their interactions are likely to precipitate CKD-mfo, which kills more than 5,000 people annually in Sri Lanka; most victims are middleaged male farmers. Much anecdotal evidence from this region suggests that consumption of contaminated water is the most likely source of this deadly disease. Although the aetiology is unknown, prevention of this ''environmentally acquired'' disease seems relatively straightforward. Solutions include (a) preventing environmental pollution, (b) stopping the irresponsible use and decreasing the usage of agrochemicals, and encouraging the use of environmentally friendly agricultural methods, (c) taking proper precautions when using agrochemicals and safe disposal of their containers, (d) changing the risky behaviour of farmers and educating them to preserve the environment, and (e) providing clean potable water to all affected regions. Implementing a well-coordinated, in-depth, region-wide, broad-based research study together with a long-term effective surveillance programme across the country i...

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Section: Agrochemical (Pesticides and Weedicides) Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Wimalawansa

2014

Environ Health Prev Med

125

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“…In the past decade, studies have revealed that Cl -participates in a complex biogeochemical cycle Winterton 2000;Lee et al 2001;Myneni 2002;Öberg 2002), involving for example, formation and degradation of chlorinated organic matter (consumption and release of Cl -), volatilization, leaching and precipitation (Asplund et al 1993;Öberg and Grön 1998;Dimmer et al 2001;Hoekstra et al 2001;Johansson et al 2001;Rodstedth et al 2003;Öberg et al 2005a). Areas receiving rather high Cl -deposition (30-50 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) on the west coast in Sweden have a higher amount of chlorinated organic matter in the soil than sites on the east coast receiving Cl -amounts of less than 5 kg ha -1 yr -1 (Johansson et al 2003).…”

Section: Is Chloride Conservative?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is chloride a conservative ion in forest ecosystems?

2010

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Chloride (Cl -) has often been assumed to be relatively unreactive in forest ecosystems, and is frequently used as a conservative tracer to calculate fluxes of water and other ions. Recently, however, several studies have detailed cycling of Cl -in vegetation and soils. In this study Cl -budgets are compiled from 32 catchment studies to determine the extent to which Cl -is conserved in the passage through forest ecosystems. Chloride budgets from these sites vary from net retention (input>output) to net release (output>input). In the overall data set,

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“…Schlesinger 1999, Piccolo 2001, Piccolo et al 2004. Volatile chloromethane and chloroform can reach the atmospheric ozone layer and the estimated production of chloroform in forest soil of about 100 ng/m 2 /h (Hoekstra et al 2001) indicates possible contamination of ground water (Laturnus et al 2002). Chlorine thus par- ticipates in the carbon cycle and its connection with the release of CO 2 into the atmosphere is more and more obvious (e.g.…”

Section: Biogeochemical Cycling Of Chlorine and Chlorination In The Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

Matucha¹,

Clarke²,

Lachmanová³

et al. 2010

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Chlorine -one of the most widespread elements on the Earth -is present in the environment as chloride ion or bound to organic substances. The main source of chloride ions is the oceans while organically bound chlorine (OCl) comes from various sources, including anthropogenic ones. Chlorinated organic compounds were long considered to be only industrial products; nevertheless, organochlorines occur plentifully in natural ecosystems. However, recent investigations in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems have shown them to be products of biodegradation of soil organic matter under participation of chlorine. It is important to understand both the inorganic and organic biogeochemical cycling of chlorine in order to understand processes in the forest ecosystem and dangers as a result of human activities, i.e. emission and deposition of anthropogenic chlorinated compounds as well as those from natural processes. The minireview presented below provides a survey of contemporary knowledge of the state of the art and a basis for investigations of formation and degradation of organochlorines and monitoring of chloride and organochlorines in forest ecosystems, which has not been carried out in the Czech Republic yet.

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Chloroform – concentration gradients in soil air and atmospheric air, and emission fluxes from soil

Cited by 58 publications

References 17 publications

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Escalating chronic kidney diseases of multi-factorial origin in Sri Lanka: causes, solutions, and recommendations

Is chloride a conservative ion in forest ecosystems?

Biogeochemical cycles of chlorine in the coniferous forest ecosystem: practical implications

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