Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices: A combined fluorescent tracer and acetylcholinesterase analysis

Bigl, Volker; Woolf, Nancy J.; Butcher, Larry L.

doi:10.1016/0361-9230(82)90101-0

Cited by 671 publications

(196 citation statements)

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“…For instance, previous morphological studies, noted that neurons in the MS/DB including the cholinergic population do not comprise a homogeneous population (Henderson, 1981, Bigl et al, 1982, Ingham et al, 1985, Dinopoulos et al, 1986, Dinopoulos et al, 1988, Henderson et al, 2001). Accordingly, it was argued whether anatomical variations were associated with any particular physiological function or electrophysiological properties (Dinopoulos et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of slow firing neurons in medial septal/diagonal band complex as revealed by cluster analysis

Garrido-Sanabria¹,

Perez²,

Bañuelos³

et al. 2007

Neuroscience

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Slow firing septal neurons modulate hippocampal and neocortical functions. Electrophysiologically, it is unclear whether slow firing neurons belong to a homogeneous neuronal population. To address this issue, whole-cell patch recordings and neuronal reconstructions were performed on rat brain slices containing the medial septum/diagonal band complex (MS/DB). Slow firing neurons were identified by their low firing rate at threshold (< 5Hz) and lack of time-dependent inward rectification (I h ). Unsupervised cluster analysis was used to investigate whether slow firing neurons could be further classified into different subtypes. The parameters used for the cluster analysis included latency for first spike, slow afterhyperpolarizing potential, maximal frequency and action potential (AP) decay slope. Neurons were grouped into three major subtypes. The majority of neurons (55%) were grouped as cluster I. Cluster II (17% of neurons) exhibited longer latency for generation of the first action potential (246.5±20.1 ms). Cluster III (28% of neurons) exhibited higher maximal firing frequency (25.3±1.7 Hz) when compared to cluster I (12.3±0.9 Hz) and cluster II (11.8±1.1 Hz) neurons. Additionally, cluster III neurons exhibited faster action potentials at suprathreshold. Interestingly, cluster II neurons were frequently located in the medial septum whereas neurons in cluster I and III appeared scattered throughout all MS/DB regions. Sholl's analysis revealed a more complex dendritic arborization in cluster III neurons. Cluster I and II neurons exhibited characteristics of "true" slow firing neurons whereas cluster III neurons exhibited higher frequency firing patterns. Several neurons were labeled with a cholinergic marker, , and cholinergic neurons were found to be distributed among the three clusters. Our findings indicate that slow firing medial septal neurons are heterogeneous and that soma location is an important determinant of their electrophysiological properties. Thus, slow firing neurons from different septal regions have distinct functional properties, most likely related to their diverse connectivity. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuroscience. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 22. Published in final edited form as:Neuroscience. (Griffith et al., 1991, Matthews and Lee, 1991, Jones et al., 1999, Morris et al., 1999, Knapp et al., 2000, Henderson et al., 2001, Sotty et al., 2003. Slow firing neurons are characterized by slow firing rates and pronounced slow post-spike afterhyperpolarization potenti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of slow firing neurons in medial septal/diagonal band complex as revealed by cluster analysis

Garrido-Sanabria¹,

Perez²,

Bañuelos³

et al. 2007

Neuroscience

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“…Cholinergic inputs to the cerebral cortex originate from neurons in the basal forebrain, among which the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) projects to the neocortical mantle, and medial septumdiagonal band nuclei project to the hippocampus (Bigl et al, 1982;Mesulam et al, 1983;Mckinney et al, 1983;Saper, 1984;Wenk, 1997;Semba, 2000;Jones, 2004). The basal forebrain also contains GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons that project to the cortex (Gritti et al, 1997;Manns et al, 2003;Hassani et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesion of cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis enhances response to general anesthetics

Leung

Petropoulos

Shen

et al. 2011

Experimental Neurology

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"Lesion of cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis enhances response to general anesthetics" (2011). Physiology and Pharmacology Publications. 72. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/physpharmpub/72 This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Acetylcholine in the brain has been associated with consciousness and general anesthesia effects. We tested the hypothesis that the integrity of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) affects the response to general anesthetics. Cholinergic neurons in NBM were selectively lesioned by bilateral infusion of 192IgG-saporin in adult, male Long-Evans rats, and control rats were infused with saline. Depletion of choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive cells in the NBM and decrease in optical density of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in the frontal and visual cortices confirmed a significant decrease in NBM cholinergic neurons in lesioned as compared to control rats. AChE staining in the hippocampus and ChAT-positive neurons in the medial septum-vertical limb of the diagonal band were not different between lesioned and control rats. When a general anesthetic was administered, lesioned compared to control rats showed significantly longer duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) after propofol (5 or 10 mg/kg i.v.), pentobarbital (20 or 40 mg/kg i.p.) but not halothane (2%). However, the behavioral excitation, as indicated by horizontal movements, induced by halothane was reduced in lesioned as compared to control rats. Reversible inactivation of NBM with GABA A receptor agonist muscimol increased slow waves in the neocortex during awake immobility, and prolonged the duration of LORR and loss of tail-pinch response after propofol, pentobarbital and halothane. In summary, lesion of NBM cholinergic neurons or inactivation of the NBM prolonged the LORR response to general anesthetic drugs.

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“…The rat basal forebrain, including the medial septum (MS), nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDM), contains cholinergic neurons that provide the major source of cholinergic innervation to the amygdala, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus [7,38]. Based on experiments utilizing muscarinic antagonists and/or nonselective physical or chemical lesions, cholinergic neurons projecting to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus have been identified as playing an important role in learning, memory, and attentional processes [2,3,15,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections

Fitz¹,

Gibbs²,

Johnson³

2006

Brain Research Bulletin

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Infusion of 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) into the medial septum (MS) of rats selectively destroys cholinergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus and impairs acquisition of a delayed matching to position (DMP) T-maze task. The present study evaluated whether introduction of a mild aversive stimulus 30 min prior to training would attenuate the deficit in DMP acquisition caused by the SAP lesions. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received medial septal infusions of either artificial cerebrospinal fluid or SAP (0.22 μg in 1.0 μl). Fourteen days later, all animals were trained to perform the DMP task. Half of the SAP-treated animals and controls received an intraperitoneal injection of saline each day, 30 min prior to training. Results show that intraperitoneal saline attenuated the impairment in DMP acquisition in SAP lesioned rats. These results suggest that a mild aversive stimulus can attenuate cognitive deficits caused by medial septal cholinergic lesions.

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Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and cingulate cortices: A combined fluorescent tracer and acetylcholinesterase analysis

Cited by 671 publications

References 49 publications

Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of slow firing neurons in medial septal/diagonal band complex as revealed by cluster analysis

Electrophysiological and morphological heterogeneity of slow firing neurons in medial septal/diagonal band complex as revealed by cluster analysis

Lesion of cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis enhances response to general anesthetics

Aversive stimulus attenuates impairment of acquisition in a delayed match to position T-maze task caused by a selective lesion of septo-hippocampal cholinergic projections

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