Chondrodystrophy in the Chick Embryo Produced by a Mineral Deficiency in the Diet of the Hen

Epidemiologic assessment of trauma-independent skeletal pathology in non-passerine birds from museum collections

“…Perosis, currently termed valgus/varus leg deformities, is described by the bowed or twisted long bones with normal calcification (markedly distinct from rickets, where mineralization is poor) and has been observed in poultry and attributed to deficiencies in a number of B vitamins (biotin, niacin, folic acid, pyridoxine, and choline) and trace mineral deficiencies (zinc and maganese) (Kirkwood, 2000;Saif, 2003). Valgus/varus leg deformities may or may not be associated with chondrodystrophy (often characterized by shortened, thickened, misshapened long bones) (Lyons & Insko, 1937;Barger & Card, 1949;Kirkwood, 2000;Thorp, 2001;Saif, 2003). Wise (1975) reported subclinical tibial dyschondroplasia in 70% of ''meat-type poultry'' (ducks).…”

Fertility, hatghability and malformations in guinea fowl embryos as affected by dietary manganese

“…Lyons and Insko (1937) found that deficiency of manganese caused decreased hatchability in domestic fowl chicks, there being a peak of embryonic mortality towards the end of incubation with occurrence of abnormal embryos. Gallup andNorris (1937), Graven (1949) and Landauer (1967) also described the relationship of manganese to embryonic malformations and hatchability in poultry.…”

“…Malformations of the chondrodystrophic type in the chicken embryo have been described by several authors (Lyons and Insko, 1937;Biester and Schwarte, 1965;Scott et al, 1969). The condition is characterised by overall dwarfing, shortening of the extremities and malformation of the head and the beak to give a parrot-beak appearance (Beer, 1968).…”

Effect of Partial and Total Replacement of Inorganic by Organic Microminerals Sources on the Quality of Broiler Carcasses

“…Manganeses is an essential mineral to chicken development, especially for bone development. Two diseases are reported to come from the lack of such mineral: perose and bone chondrodystrophies, caused by manganese deficiency (Lyons and Insko, 1937). One of the specific actions of manganese is the mucopolysaccharides synthesis (present in cartilage) and the dismutase superoxide, which was isolated from chicken liver mitochondria (Leach, 1971).…”