Choosing Between Tram and Metro in Hong Kong – Utility, Affect and Demographics

Abstract

A major question facing many cities is whether to give preference to surface light rail or to heavier rail underground. In theory, the two systems have quite different functions because of average travel speed, and integration with local land use and surface movement systems. There are differences in headways, capacity, and station density, although these differences can be lessened through technological advances. The major implication for city development is the impact that these two systems have for surface development. In general, metro systems favour nodal development, often in the form of transit-oriented development (TOD), while tramways support more linear development, with direct support for street-oriented commerce. In Hong Kong, the recent extensions to the Island Line parallel the alignment of the surface tramways. In this study, we apply a structured questionnaire to local residents to determine how and when they use each of these services. Preference for tram increases for short-distance trips and overall for individuals over the age of 50. For short trips of 2-3 km, travel time, travel cost, waiting time, air conditioning, service quality and vehicle stability were all significant in the preference for metro. Scenery, emotional attachment, gender and age were all significant in the choice of tram for those same trips. Passengers paid little attention to the longer access times to metro and believed that waiting time was less, although access and waiting time are both longer for the metro mode. There was less distinction between the modes for longer trips, in part because of the smaller number, in part because of the adherence of elderly people to the tram mode. In Hong Kong, the two modes are perceived differently and serve somewhat different clienteles, which may be important for the operators of these systems as they consider the integration of surface and underground transit.

Impacts of the walking environment on mode and departure time shifts in response to travel time change: Case study in the multi-layered Hong Kong metropolis

“…Regarding the transport mode taken, users of private vehicles and supplementary public transit were more loyal to their current transport modes, whereas bus and taxi riders were sensitive to travel time change and were more likely to switch to alternative modes. The distinct qualities of the private vehicle mode, such as direct door-to-door service, comfort and privacy (Urbanek, 2021), while the SPB's non-substitutable routing for specific purposes (Rusco and Walls, 2001), tram's extremely low fare (Yang and Zacharias, 2017), and ferry as sea transport for specific geographical contexts (Tsoi and Loo, 2021), may not be easily offered by public transport modes.…”

Urban Mobility and Quality of Public Spaces: The Case of Granada, Spain

“…There are few comparisons between surface and subterranean LRT sections, as the first will have linear urban effects and in the subterranean section the effects will be concentrated around the stations, which have been widely studied by the node-place model [4]. As has been studied in Hong Kong, in choosing between tram and metro, scenery and emotional attachment seems to be significant in the choice of tram for the same trips [42], and the tram also contributes greatly to street vitality [43].…”