Choroideremia – A clinical insight and differential diagnosis

Abstract

Choroideremia is an X-linked recessive inherited, bilateral progressive chorioretinal dystrophy/degeneration leading to blindness by late adulthood. However, it can be confused occasionally with other conditions, especially retinitis pigmentosa due to their shared clinical manifestations. Since the management and patients' counseling differ between those conditions listed in the differential diagnosis, it is important for clinicians to come to the right diagnosis. This article is trying to make a differential diagnosis between choroideremia and other conditions based on the current knowledge of these disorders.

Letter to the Editor: Environmentally Driven Abnormalities in Accommodation and Vergence Can Be One of the Causes of Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia

“…2 This additional hypothesis suggests the possible role of spasm of the near reflex in the development of acute acquired comitant esotropia. 2 The author's hypothesis can be observantly tested by looking at the accommodative and vergence parameters of mobile phone users with acute acquired comitant esotropia who use their mobile phones excessively for more than 4 hours per day compared with other individuals with acute acquired comitant esotropia who do not perform near work activities related to mobile phone usage as well as age-matched normal controls. This is because no study has yet investigated this approach to discover the matter.…”

“…[1][2][3] The angle of deviation at near and distance fixation is generally similar, but the angle can be sometimes larger at distance fixation compared with near fixation. 2 Although it may initially be intermittent, it finally progresses to constant esotropia. 2 Pathological and nonpathological causes have been reported for acute acquired comitant esotropia.…”

“…2 Although it may initially be intermittent, it finally progresses to constant esotropia. 2 Pathological and nonpathological causes have been reported for acute acquired comitant esotropia. 2 Acute acquired comitant esotropia has also been divided into several categories.…”

“…2 Pathological and nonpathological causes have been reported for acute acquired comitant esotropia. 2 Acute acquired comitant esotropia has also been divided into several categories. 2 The outcome of treatment in acute acquired comitant esotropia is good functionally and cosmetically regaining of normal stereopsis and appearance.…”

“…1,[3][4][5] This is proved by the fact that the onset of esotropia in acute acquired comitant esotropia is linked to long-term and sustained near work, especially on smartphones 1,5 so that the excessive use of smartphones among all those cases was before the development of acute acquired comitant esotropia. 2 The author has also witnessed an increased number of cases of acute acquired comitant esotropia in his practice, and his common observation was the concurrent excessive near work activities, especially on smartphones. 2 Acute acquired comitant esotropia has also been reported to increase during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic because of the excessive application of near work activities through computers, tablets, and smartphones to play, access school lessons through electronic learning, and navigate social networks during the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown and home confinement.…”