Chronic nail biting, orthodontic treatment and Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity

Abstract

Background: Chronic nail biting is common in children and young adults. Auto inoculation of environmental pathogens can manifest as infection in distant organs. Multi-drug resistance gram negative bacteria are on the rise globally. Several of the foodborne bacteria fall within the Enterobacteriaceae family but very few studies have explored these microbes in the oral cavity of children with chronic nail-biting habit or orthodontic treatment. The study aims to investigate oral load of Enterobacteriaceae in children with chronic nail-biting habit and or those undergoing orthodontic treatment Material and Methods: 150 children (no nail-biting n=30, nail biting n=60, fixed orthodontic treatment n =30 and a combination of fixed orthodontic appliance use and nail-biting habit n =30) were assessed for culture based microbiological investigation. The concentrated oral rinse technique was used. The rinse was inoculated in MacConkey's and Blood Agar. The gram stained culture was subjected to biochemical tests for sub-species identification using Biomerieux Vitek 2 Compact Automated Microbiological Analyzer. Fisher's exact and Kruskal Wallis with post hoc analysis using Dunn method was performed to test association and difference between groups. Results: Enterobacteriaceae was positive for 72% of the children. Of them, nail biting or orthodontic treatment group comprised 89%. Those with a combination of nail biting and undergoing orthodontic treatment exhibited highest CFU/ml and those without nail biting or orthodontic treatment exhibited the lowest. Three of the four organisms isolated tested positive in the orthodontic treatment group. E. coli was positive in 38% of the children while Klebsiella and E. cloacae were isolated exclusively in the orthodontic treatment group. Conclusions: Chronic nail biting or the use of fixed orthodontic appliances is associated with higher incidence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. Oral health professionals play an important role in preventing multi drug resistance infectious diseases.

Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity

“…Previous studies have revealed that they may occur in high numbers and shift from transitory species to colonizers of the oral cavity in immunocompromised individuals (Simões-Silva et al 2018 ; Arirachakaran et al 2019 ). However, some studies have shown that they can colonize healthy subjects too (Ranganathan et al 2017 ; Chinnasamy et al 2019 ). Moreover, systemic colonization and infections associated with non-oral bacteria isolated from the oral cavity have been revealed (Arirachakaran et al 2019 ; Ghapanchi et al 2019 ), making the oral cavity an extra-hospital reservoir (Kearney et al 2020 ).…”

Survival Analysis of Extra-Alveolar Tads Used for Orthodontic Anchorage

“…Among both IZC and Buccal Shelf implants , IZC was perceived to have only mild discomfort after placement [ Figure. 9]. however, this was not found to be statistically significant (p value -0.239) our extensive research expertise ranged from epidemiological studies to randomised clinical trials that have been published in reputed journals (Felicita, 2017a(Felicita, , 2017b(Felicita, , 2018Felicita, Thirumurthi and Jain, 2017;Korath, Padmanabhan and Parameswaran, 2017;Krishnan, Pandian and rajagopal, 2017;Charles et al, 2018;Pandian, Krishnan and Kumar, 2018;reddy et al, 2018;Chinnasamy et al, 2019). This knowledge was instrumental for us to assess the survival rate of extraalveolar TADs used for orthodontic anchorage.…”

Evaluation of Plaque Retention in Stainless Steel and Ceramic Brackets – A Qualitative Comparative Study

“…Our extensive research expertise ranged from epidemiological studies to randomised clinical trials that have been published in reputed journals(felicita, 2017a, 2017b, 2018; felicita, Thirumurthi and Jain, 2017; korath, Padmanabhan and Parameswaran, 2017; krishnan, Pandian and rajagopal, 2017;Charles et al, 2018;Pandian, krishnan and kumar, 2018;reddy et al, 2018;Chinnasamy et al, 2019). This knowledge was instrumental for us to compare the plaque retention in ceramic and metal brackets.…”